General Biology 2: Genetic Engineering Process

True (A)

A vector carries the desired gene into the host cell's nucleus.

<p>cut</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recombinant DNA (rDNA) = DNA that combines genetic material from different sources. Vector = A carrier that delivers a gene into a host cell. Genetic modification = Alteration of an organism's genetic makeup.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can create organisms with desirable traits. (A), It creates opportunities for studying the function of different genes. (B), It poses potential risks to biodiversity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Examples: Golden Rice (increased Vitamin A content), BT Corn (resistance to insect pests), Insulin-producing bacteria (treatment of diabetes). Benefits can be anything like increased nutritional content, pest resistance, disease resistance, or production of therapeutic substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To allow the cells to produce insulin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>plasmid</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>This allows for the production of large quantities of insulin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacterial transduction = Using phages (bacterial viruses) to transfer genetic material Traditional breeding = Deliberate crossing of varieties of species Selection of newborn = Choosing individuals with desirable traits based on environmental challenges Manipulation of bacterial conjugation = Interfering with the natural process of bacterial gene transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There are a variety of ethical and societal concerns surrounding genetic modification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Manipulation of bacterial conjugation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A hormone is a chemical messenger produced by the body that regulates specific physiological processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin is produced in the pancreas, specifically by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin's main function is to regulate blood glucose levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose from the bloodstream into cells for energy production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacteria are simple organisms with a relatively small genome, making genetic manipulation easier. (A), Bacteria reproduce rapidly, allowing for efficient production of the desired protein. (B), Bacteria can be grown in large quantities at low cost. (C), All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>enzymes, restriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nutrients, such as sugars and amino acids. (A), Oxygen. (B), Temperature control mechanisms. (C), All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetically engineered insulin is less likely to cause allergic reactions in patients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dolly = Nuclear donor sheep A = Egg cell donor sheep B = Surrogate mother sheep</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>zygote</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Habitat isolation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Allopatric speciation occurs when populations are geographically isolated, while sympatric speciation occurs in populations that live in the same geographic area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced hybrid viability = The offspring fail to develop past the early embryonic stages or die. Reduced hybrid fertility = The offspring is viable but sterile. Hybrid breakdown = Offspring of the first generation are fertile, but subsequent generations become sterile.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Formation of new species (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A common example of sympatric speciation is the formation of new plant species through polyploidy. This happens when an individual has more than one set of chromosomes, which can lead to reproductive isolation from the original species and the formation of a new species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acting as messengers to control body activities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To reduce the concentration of glucose in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>restriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have a faster reproduction rate than other organisms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sheep A = Source of the nucleus Sheep B = Provider of the egg cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endosymbiosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Evolution is descent with modification or changes of traits in species over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It leads to the inheritance of traits from one generation to the next.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>stromatolites</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxygen Revolution = Increase of O2 in the atmosphere Cambrian Explosion = Sudden appearance of various animal groups Endosymbiosis = Eukaryotic cells evolving from prokaryotes Mass Extinctions = Significant loss of biodiversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Evolution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The size of the beetles decreased compared to previous generations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The direct manipulation of DNA to alter an organism's characteristics.

DNA that has been artificially created by combining DNA from different sources.

The process of extracting DNA from an organism for study.

The technique of placing DNA into another organism’s genome.

Tools, often plasmids or viruses, used to deliver foreign DNA into a host cell.

When the inserted genes are activated in the modified organism.

The natural limit to gene transfer between different species.

The process of cutting DNA and inserting sequences from other DNA.

A hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels.

An organ that produces insulin and digestive enzymes in the body.

Bacteria can be genetically modified to produce human insulin effectively.

An enzyme that cuts DNA at specific sequences to extract genes.

A vessel that provides a controlled environment for biological reactions, such as bacterial growth.

An organism that is genetically identical to another organism.

Significant issues related to morality and consequences of modifying animals genetically.

A plasmid that has been altered to contain desired genes, such as the human insulin gene.

Bacteria or yeast cells that rapidly divide and produce insulin, facilitated by genetically modified plasmids.

Large containers used to grow genetically modified bacteria or yeast, providing necessary nutrients for rapid division.

The process of filtering the fermentation mixture to extract and clean insulin for distribution.

A form of genetic engineering where genes are transferred from one organism to another to obtain desired traits.

Methods of artificial interference in breeding processes to shape traits in microorganisms, plants, and animals.

The process by which bacteria transfer genetic material through direct cell-to-cell contact.

The process of selecting traits in newborns based on environmental pressures, often seen in historical contexts.

A significant increase of O2 in the atmosphere that impacted anaerobic organisms.

The process where prokaryotic cells engulfed mitochondria, leading to the evolution of eukaryotes.

A rapid diversification of life that occurred around 535-525 million years ago.

Genetic characteristics that can be passed from generation to generation.

Descent with modification; changes in traits or allele frequencies in populations over time.

The ratio of a specific allele to the total number of alleles in a gene pool.

The process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.

The study of how gene frequencies in a population change over time.

Factors that prevent offspring from developing or reproducing after fertilization.

Offspring may fail to develop fully or survive to maturity.

Hybrids may be viable but sterile, unable to reproduce.

Fertile first-generation hybrids may produce sterile offspring in later generations.

Speciation occurring when populations are geographically isolated.

Speciation occurring in overlapping populations within the same area.

Condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes.

Various ways species can form, either through isolation or shared environments.

A chemical substance secreted by endocrine glands that acts as a messenger to control body activities.

The process of creating a genetically identical organism from a cell.

A cell formed by combining the nucleus of one cell with the egg cell of another.

The act of taking the nucleus out of an egg cell before cloning.

The process of passing genetic material from parents to offspring during reproduction.