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Questions and Answers
What is the process called when information is transferred from DNA to RNA?
What is the process called when information is transferred from DNA to RNA?
Which of the following statements correctly describes semi-conservative replication?
Which of the following statements correctly describes semi-conservative replication?
What is the primary function of RNA polymerase during transcription?
What is the primary function of RNA polymerase during transcription?
Which step of transcription involves the formation of a transcription bubble?
Which step of transcription involves the formation of a transcription bubble?
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During which step of the central dogma is protein synthesis directly carried out?
During which step of the central dogma is protein synthesis directly carried out?
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How do mutations in the promoter region typically affect gene expression?
How do mutations in the promoter region typically affect gene expression?
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What direction does DNA synthesis always begin?
What direction does DNA synthesis always begin?
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The CFTR gene responsible for Cystic Fibrosis is located on which chromosome?
The CFTR gene responsible for Cystic Fibrosis is located on which chromosome?
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What is the role of transcription factors in transcription?
What is the role of transcription factors in transcription?
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During which process is peptide bond formation a critical step?
During which process is peptide bond formation a critical step?
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What are RNA primers required for during DNA replication?
What are RNA primers required for during DNA replication?
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What is the primary mechanism through which tetracycline affects bacterial protein synthesis?
What is the primary mechanism through which tetracycline affects bacterial protein synthesis?
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What does the term 'origin of replication' refer to?
What does the term 'origin of replication' refer to?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of DNA replication?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of DNA replication?
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In prokaryotes, transcription and translation can occur simultaneously due to what key difference?
In prokaryotes, transcription and translation can occur simultaneously due to what key difference?
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Which components play a crucial role during the initiation phase of translation?
Which components play a crucial role during the initiation phase of translation?
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What is the role of RNA primers in DNA replication?
What is the role of RNA primers in DNA replication?
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Which protein is responsible for unwinding the DNA strands during replication?
Which protein is responsible for unwinding the DNA strands during replication?
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What happens to the lagging strand during DNA replication?
What happens to the lagging strand during DNA replication?
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Which of the following correctly describes the process of elongation during DNA replication?
Which of the following correctly describes the process of elongation during DNA replication?
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What is the role of DNA ligase in the replication process?
What is the role of DNA ligase in the replication process?
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In which phase of DNA replication does priming occur?
In which phase of DNA replication does priming occur?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of DNA replication?
Which of the following is a characteristic of DNA replication?
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How does the Central Dogma view the processes after DNA replication?
How does the Central Dogma view the processes after DNA replication?
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What is a key characteristic of prokaryotic mRNA?
What is a key characteristic of prokaryotic mRNA?
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Where does transcription occur in prokaryotic cells?
Where does transcription occur in prokaryotic cells?
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Which of the following processes is NOT part of eukaryotic mRNA processing?
Which of the following processes is NOT part of eukaryotic mRNA processing?
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What role does the Shine-Dalgarno sequence play in prokaryotic translation?
What role does the Shine-Dalgarno sequence play in prokaryotic translation?
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Which of these statements about ribosomes is true?
Which of these statements about ribosomes is true?
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How does the initiation of translation differ between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
How does the initiation of translation differ between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
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What is the function of the 3' poly-A tail in eukaryotic mRNA?
What is the function of the 3' poly-A tail in eukaryotic mRNA?
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What feature distinguishes eukaryotic genes from prokaryotic genes?
What feature distinguishes eukaryotic genes from prokaryotic genes?
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Study Notes
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
- Central Dogma describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to proteins.
- Information is stored in DNA, transferred to RNA during transcription, and decoded into proteins during translation.
- Genes are segments of DNA that contain instructions for producing proteins.
Gene Expression
- Gene expression involves converting genes into functional products, namely proteins.
- Transcription: DNA is transcribed into RNA.
- Translation: RNA is translated into proteins.
DNA Replication
- DNA replication is semi-conservative; each new DNA molecule has one original and one new strand.
- Initiation occurs at origins of replication, specific sequences where replication begins.
- Synthesis proceeds in the 5’-3’ direction, requiring RNA primers to start the process.
- Replication can be unidirectional or bidirectional and consists of both leading and lagging strands.
- Core proteins involved:
- Topoisomerase: Prevents DNA torsion.
- Helicase: Unwinds DNA strands.
- Primase: Synthesizes RNA primers.
- Single-strand binding proteins: Prevent reannealing of DNA strands.
- DNA polymerase: Synthesizes new DNA strands.
- DNA ligase: Joins gaps in the DNA.
Transcription Process
- Initiation: Involves promoter regions where RNA polymerase binds to start transcription.
- Elongation: RNA is synthesized, with proofreading processes to ensure accuracy.
- Termination: Occurs when a termination signal is reached, releasing the RNA transcript.
Translation Process
- Initiation: Involves assembling ribosomal subunits and tRNA binding at the start codon.
- Elongation: RNA is read in codons; peptide bonds form between amino acids.
- Termination: Occurs when a stop codon is recognized, releasing the polypeptide chain.
Translation in Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
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Prokaryotes:
- Transcription and translation occur simultaneously in the cytoplasm.
- Ribosomes are 70S, with a simpler initiation process involving the Shine-Dalgarno sequence.
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Eukaryotes:
- Transcription occurs in the nucleus, followed by mRNA processing before translation in the cytoplasm.
- Ribosomes are 80S, and initiation is more complex, involving multiple factors and a 5' cap.
Case Studies
- Cystic Fibrosis: Caused by mutations in the CFTR gene on chromosome 7, affecting salt and water regulation in cells.
- Thalassemia: A blood disorder due to mutations in the HBB gene that impact hemoglobin production.
- Antibiotics: Tetracycline inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the ribosomal subunit, affecting translation processes.
Implications of Genetic Editing
- Advances in CRISPR-Cas9 technology offer potential to correct genetic disorders by targeting specific mutations in genes such as CFTR and HBB.
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Description
Explore the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology in this quiz covering Unit 2 of General Biology 1 for SY 2024 - 2025. Understand the key processes of gene expression, replication, and the relationship between DNA, RNA, and proteins. Test your knowledge and delve into the exciting possibilities of genetic editing.
