General Biology 1: Cellular Basis of Life
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Questions and Answers

Who is considered the father of microscopes due to his contributions to microscope design?

  • Hans Janssen
  • Anton van Leeuwenhoek (correct)
  • Zacharias Janssen
  • Galileo Galilei

    • What was the magnification capacity of the first practical microscopes developed by Anton van Leeuwenhoek?

  • 30x
  • 1000x
  • 10x
  • 270x (correct)

    • Which part of the microscope is responsible for controlling the amount of light that reaches the specimen?

  • Eye piece
  • Objective lens
  • Focus knob
  • Iris diaphragm (correct)

    • Which type of microscope uses electrons instead of light to magnify specimens?

    <p>Electron beam microscope (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these inventors developed the first crude concept of a microscope around 1590?

    <p>Zacharias Janssen and Hans Janssen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The coarse focus knob on a microscope is used primarily for which purpose?

    <p>Making large adjustments to focus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant advancement in microscopy occurred in the 1850s?

    <p>Improvement in optical microscope designs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did Anton van Leeuwenhoek's work in a dry goods store play in his contributions to microscopy?

    <p>He learned to grind and polish lenses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of lysosomes in a cell?

    <p>To digest nutrients and fats through enzymes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for producing ATP from glucose?

    <p>Mitochondrion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the cell membrane?

    <p>To control the entry and exit of substances (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Presence of a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the chloroplast in plant cells?

    <p>Conversion of sunlight into chemical energy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who improved the microscope design in 1609 to enhance its focus?

    <p>Galileo Galilei (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure surrounds the nucleus of a cell?

    <p>Nuclear membrane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do ribosomes primarily do in the cell?

    <p>Synthesize proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the mechanical stage in a microscope?

    <p>To hold slides for observation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is magnification calculated in a compound microscope?

    <p>By multiplying the power of the eye piece with the power of the objective lens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following microscopes uses an illuminator to view specimens?

    <p>Stereomicroscope (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be done after using immersion oil on a microscope lens?

    <p>Remove it with lens paper (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the condenser in a microscope?

    <p>To focus light on the specimen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the microscope connects the tube to the base?

    <p>Arm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of microscope uses electron beams for magnification?

    <p>Transmission electron microscope (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What safety precaution should be taken when carrying a microscope?

    <p>Support it with both hands, one on the arm and one on the base (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Microscopy

    The use of a microscope for investigation or observation.

    Anton van Leeuwenhoek

    Considered the father of microscopes, for his advancements in microscope design and use.

    Compound Microscope

    A high-powered microscope that uses light to view magnified images.

    Objective Lens

    The lens in a microscope closest to the specimen that magnifies the object.

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    Eye Piece (Ocular)

    The lens in a microscope used to look at the magnified image.

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    Coarse focus knob

    Part of a microscope that makes large adjustments for focusing the image (focusing).

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    Fine focus knob

    Part of a microscope that makes small adjustments to fine-tune focus on the image.

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    Zacharias Janssen and Hans Janssen

    Dutch spectacle-makers who experimented with early microscopes, increasing magnification from 10x to 30x.

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    Magnification

    The degree to which an object appears larger than its actual size, determined by multiplying the powers of the objective lens and eyepiece.

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    Aperture

    The opening in the stage of a microscope that allows light from the illuminator to reach the specimen.

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    Condenser

    A component in a microscope that focuses light on the specimen, ensuring its even illumination.

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    Mechanical Stage

    A platform on a microscope that holds the slide and allows its movement for viewing different parts of the specimen.

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    Immersion Oil

    A specialized oil used with high-powered objective lenses (100x) to improve image clarity by increasing light transmission.

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    How Many Lenses Magnify?

    Two lenses magnify an object in a compound microscope: the objective lens and the eyepiece.

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    Cell Membrane

    The thin outer layer of a cell, made of protein and fat. It controls what goes in and out of the cell.

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    Cell Wall

    A rigid outer layer found in plant cells that provides structure and support.

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    Chloroplast

    An organelle in plant cells where photosynthesis takes place. It contains chlorophyll, which captures light energy.

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    Mitochondrion

    The powerhouse of the cell, responsible for converting glucose into energy (ATP).

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    Lysosome

    A small organelle containing digestive enzymes that break down waste and nutrients.

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    Nucleus

    The control center of the cell containing DNA, which carries genetic instructions.

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    Ribosome

    A small organelle responsible for protein synthesis, like the cell's protein factory.

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    Study Notes

    General Biology 1 (BLY 101)

    • Course offered by the Microbiology Programme, COAES, Bowen University, Iwo.
    • Course credit units: 3
    • Lecturer: Adeleke, Olufeyikemi A. (Ph.D.)

    Outline for Week One and Two

    • Cellular Basis of Life:
      • Cell as fundamental unit of life
      • History of cell discovery
      • Cell theory
      • Cell properties (diversity, size, shape and organization)
      • Differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
      • Plant and animal cells (similarities and differences)
      • Structure of Plant and Animal cells
    • The Microscope:
      • Definition of a microscope
      • History of microscopes
      • Types of microscopes
      • Parts of a microscope and their functions
      • Parts associated with microscopes
      • Precautions for microscope handling

    Cellular Basis of Life

    • Cells as basic unit of living organisms
    • Found in plants, animals, bacteria
    • Carry out basic functions
    • Cytology is branch of biology studying cells
    • Robert Hooke discovered and named cells in 1665
    • Anton van Leeuwenhoek witnessed live cells through his handheld microscope
    • Matthias Schleiden (1838) concluded that all plants are made of cells
    • Theodor Schwann (1839) concluded that all animals are made of cells
    • Rudolf Virchow (1858) cells come from pre-existing cells
    • Cell Theory:
      • All living things are composed of one or more cells (unicellular or multicellular)
      • Cell is basic unit of life
      • New cells arise from pre-existing cells (through cell division)
    • Cell Diversity:
      • Cells vary in size, shape, and internal organization
      • Specialized for specific functions.

    Internal Organization of Organisms

    • Unicellular organisms: made of a single cell, independent existence
      • Carry out digestion, respiration, reproduction, growth
    • Multicellular organisms: made from >1 cell
    • Plant cells
    • Animal cells
    • Cell shapes include spherical, oval, cylindrical, and polyhedral.

    Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

    • Prokaryotes:
      • No membrane-bound organelles
      • No true nucleus
      • Examples: Bacterial cells
    • Eukaryotes:
      • Well-defined membrane-bound nucleus and organelles
      • Examples: Animal, Plant, Fungi

    Types of Cells

    • Plant cell (e.g., xylem, phloem, stem cell)
    • Animal cell (e.g., nerve, blood, stem)
    • Cell size: 1 µm to 200mm (some visible to the naked eye)
    • Cell shapes include variable forms depending on the function

    Levels of Organization

    • Cells contain organelles, which are cell components that perform specific functions

    Plant and Animal Cells

    • Similarities: Cytoplasm, ribosomes, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, microtubules/microfilaments, flagella, and nucleus

    • Differences:

      • Cell wall (present in plant cells)
      • Vacuoles (larger in plant cells)
      • Centrioles (present in animal cells)
      • Chloroplasts (present in plant cells)
      • Plastids (present in plant cells)
      • Cilia (present in animal cells)
      • Shape (often varied between plant and animal cells)
      • Plasma membrane (present in both)
      • Flagella (may be present in some plant and animal cells)
      • Lysosomes (present in animal cells typically)

    Functions of Cells and Cell Organelles

    • Cell Membrane: thin layer of protein and fat surrounding the cell, semipermeable

    • Cell Wall: thick, rigid membrane surrounding plant cells, provides support and structure

    • Chloroplast: elongated or disc-shaped organelle with chlorophyll where food (energy from sunlight) is made

    • Chlorophyll: molecule using light energy to create glucose and oxygen from water and carbon dioxide

    • Lysosome: vesicles with digestive enzymes, digests cell nutrients

    • Mitochondrion: converts glucose energy into high-energy ATP for cell use

    • Nuclear Membrane: membrane surrounding the nucleus

    • Nucleus: spherical body with DNA in chromosomes, controls cell functions.

    • Ribosome: small organelles made of RNA, synthesis proteins.

    Microscope

    • History:
      • Zacharias Janssen (1590): early microscope design
      • Galileo Galilei (1609): improved on the design, added a focusing device to the lens
        • Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1674): improved design, leading to magnified images of 270x.
    • Types: compound, stereo, electron (SEM, TEM).
    • Microscope Accessories: blank and prepared slides, filters, cover slips.
    • Terms: magnification, field of view, ocular
    • Parts and functions: eye piece, objective lenses, nose piece, stage, diaphragm, focus knobs, light source (illuminator), condenser, mechanical stage (for placing slides).

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    General Biology 1 (BLY 101) PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the essential concepts related to the cellular basis of life as discussed in General Biology 1 (BLY 101). It includes the history of cell discovery, cell theory, differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and the structure of plant and animal cells. Additionally, it explores the definitions and functions of microscopes.

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