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Questions and Answers
Who is considered the father of microscopes due to his contributions to microscope design?
Who is considered the father of microscopes due to his contributions to microscope design?
What was the magnification capacity of the first practical microscopes developed by Anton van Leeuwenhoek?
What was the magnification capacity of the first practical microscopes developed by Anton van Leeuwenhoek?
Which part of the microscope is responsible for controlling the amount of light that reaches the specimen?
Which part of the microscope is responsible for controlling the amount of light that reaches the specimen?
Which type of microscope uses electrons instead of light to magnify specimens?
Which type of microscope uses electrons instead of light to magnify specimens?
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Which of these inventors developed the first crude concept of a microscope around 1590?
Which of these inventors developed the first crude concept of a microscope around 1590?
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The coarse focus knob on a microscope is used primarily for which purpose?
The coarse focus knob on a microscope is used primarily for which purpose?
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What significant advancement in microscopy occurred in the 1850s?
What significant advancement in microscopy occurred in the 1850s?
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What role did Anton van Leeuwenhoek's work in a dry goods store play in his contributions to microscopy?
What role did Anton van Leeuwenhoek's work in a dry goods store play in his contributions to microscopy?
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What is the primary function of lysosomes in a cell?
What is the primary function of lysosomes in a cell?
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Which organelle is responsible for producing ATP from glucose?
Which organelle is responsible for producing ATP from glucose?
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What is the role of the cell membrane?
What is the role of the cell membrane?
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What distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?
What distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?
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What is the function of the chloroplast in plant cells?
What is the function of the chloroplast in plant cells?
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Who improved the microscope design in 1609 to enhance its focus?
Who improved the microscope design in 1609 to enhance its focus?
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Which structure surrounds the nucleus of a cell?
Which structure surrounds the nucleus of a cell?
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What do ribosomes primarily do in the cell?
What do ribosomes primarily do in the cell?
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What is the function of the mechanical stage in a microscope?
What is the function of the mechanical stage in a microscope?
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How is magnification calculated in a compound microscope?
How is magnification calculated in a compound microscope?
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Which of the following microscopes uses an illuminator to view specimens?
Which of the following microscopes uses an illuminator to view specimens?
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What must be done after using immersion oil on a microscope lens?
What must be done after using immersion oil on a microscope lens?
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What is the primary role of the condenser in a microscope?
What is the primary role of the condenser in a microscope?
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Which part of the microscope connects the tube to the base?
Which part of the microscope connects the tube to the base?
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What type of microscope uses electron beams for magnification?
What type of microscope uses electron beams for magnification?
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What safety precaution should be taken when carrying a microscope?
What safety precaution should be taken when carrying a microscope?
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Flashcards
Microscopy
Microscopy
The use of a microscope for investigation or observation.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Considered the father of microscopes, for his advancements in microscope design and use.
Compound Microscope
Compound Microscope
A high-powered microscope that uses light to view magnified images.
Objective Lens
Objective Lens
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Eye Piece (Ocular)
Eye Piece (Ocular)
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Coarse focus knob
Coarse focus knob
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Fine focus knob
Fine focus knob
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Zacharias Janssen and Hans Janssen
Zacharias Janssen and Hans Janssen
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Magnification
Magnification
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Aperture
Aperture
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Condenser
Condenser
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Mechanical Stage
Mechanical Stage
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Immersion Oil
Immersion Oil
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How Many Lenses Magnify?
How Many Lenses Magnify?
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Cell Membrane
Cell Membrane
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Cell Wall
Cell Wall
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Chloroplast
Chloroplast
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Mitochondrion
Mitochondrion
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Lysosome
Lysosome
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Nucleus
Nucleus
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Ribosome
Ribosome
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Study Notes
General Biology 1 (BLY 101)
- Course offered by the Microbiology Programme, COAES, Bowen University, Iwo.
- Course credit units: 3
- Lecturer: Adeleke, Olufeyikemi A. (Ph.D.)
Outline for Week One and Two
- Cellular Basis of Life:
- Cell as fundamental unit of life
- History of cell discovery
- Cell theory
- Cell properties (diversity, size, shape and organization)
- Differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
- Plant and animal cells (similarities and differences)
- Structure of Plant and Animal cells
- The Microscope:
- Definition of a microscope
- History of microscopes
- Types of microscopes
- Parts of a microscope and their functions
- Parts associated with microscopes
- Precautions for microscope handling
Cellular Basis of Life
- Cells as basic unit of living organisms
- Found in plants, animals, bacteria
- Carry out basic functions
- Cytology is branch of biology studying cells
- Robert Hooke discovered and named cells in 1665
- Anton van Leeuwenhoek witnessed live cells through his handheld microscope
- Matthias Schleiden (1838) concluded that all plants are made of cells
- Theodor Schwann (1839) concluded that all animals are made of cells
- Rudolf Virchow (1858) cells come from pre-existing cells
- Cell Theory:
- All living things are composed of one or more cells (unicellular or multicellular)
- Cell is basic unit of life
- New cells arise from pre-existing cells (through cell division)
- Cell Diversity:
- Cells vary in size, shape, and internal organization
- Specialized for specific functions.
Internal Organization of Organisms
- Unicellular organisms: made of a single cell, independent existence
- Carry out digestion, respiration, reproduction, growth
- Multicellular organisms: made from >1 cell
- Plant cells
- Animal cells
- Cell shapes include spherical, oval, cylindrical, and polyhedral.
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
- Prokaryotes:
- No membrane-bound organelles
- No true nucleus
- Examples: Bacterial cells
- Eukaryotes:
- Well-defined membrane-bound nucleus and organelles
- Examples: Animal, Plant, Fungi
Types of Cells
- Plant cell (e.g., xylem, phloem, stem cell)
- Animal cell (e.g., nerve, blood, stem)
- Cell size: 1 µm to 200mm (some visible to the naked eye)
- Cell shapes include variable forms depending on the function
Levels of Organization
- Cells contain organelles, which are cell components that perform specific functions
Plant and Animal Cells
-
Similarities: Cytoplasm, ribosomes, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, microtubules/microfilaments, flagella, and nucleus
-
Differences:
- Cell wall (present in plant cells)
- Vacuoles (larger in plant cells)
- Centrioles (present in animal cells)
- Chloroplasts (present in plant cells)
- Plastids (present in plant cells)
- Cilia (present in animal cells)
- Shape (often varied between plant and animal cells)
- Plasma membrane (present in both)
- Flagella (may be present in some plant and animal cells)
- Lysosomes (present in animal cells typically)
Functions of Cells and Cell Organelles
-
Cell Membrane: thin layer of protein and fat surrounding the cell, semipermeable
-
Cell Wall: thick, rigid membrane surrounding plant cells, provides support and structure
-
Chloroplast: elongated or disc-shaped organelle with chlorophyll where food (energy from sunlight) is made
-
Chlorophyll: molecule using light energy to create glucose and oxygen from water and carbon dioxide
-
Lysosome: vesicles with digestive enzymes, digests cell nutrients
-
Mitochondrion: converts glucose energy into high-energy ATP for cell use
-
Nuclear Membrane: membrane surrounding the nucleus
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Nucleus: spherical body with DNA in chromosomes, controls cell functions.
-
Ribosome: small organelles made of RNA, synthesis proteins.
Microscope
- History:
- Zacharias Janssen (1590): early microscope design
- Galileo Galilei (1609): improved on the design, added a focusing device to the lens
- Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1674): improved design, leading to magnified images of 270x.
- Types: compound, stereo, electron (SEM, TEM).
- Microscope Accessories: blank and prepared slides, filters, cover slips.
- Terms: magnification, field of view, ocular
- Parts and functions: eye piece, objective lenses, nose piece, stage, diaphragm, focus knobs, light source (illuminator), condenser, mechanical stage (for placing slides).
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Description
This quiz covers the essential concepts related to the cellular basis of life as discussed in General Biology 1 (BLY 101). It includes the history of cell discovery, cell theory, differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and the structure of plant and animal cells. Additionally, it explores the definitions and functions of microscopes.