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Questions and Answers
Which elements comprise 96% of an organism's weight?
Which elements comprise 96% of an organism's weight?
Which functional group is characterized by the presence of a nitrogen atom?
Which functional group is characterized by the presence of a nitrogen atom?
What percentage of an organism's weight is accounted for by elements other than carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen?
What percentage of an organism's weight is accounted for by elements other than carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen?
Which of the following functional groups is NOT common in biochemistry?
Which of the following functional groups is NOT common in biochemistry?
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Which element is NOT mentioned as part of the 96% composition of an organism's weight?
Which element is NOT mentioned as part of the 96% composition of an organism's weight?
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Which functional group contributes to the acidic properties found in amino acids?
Which functional group contributes to the acidic properties found in amino acids?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of biomolecule that is mentioned in the syllabus?
Which of the following is NOT a type of biomolecule that is mentioned in the syllabus?
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Which of these processes involves the metabolism of fatty acids?
Which of these processes involves the metabolism of fatty acids?
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What characteristic makes alcohols polar?
What characteristic makes alcohols polar?
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What functional group characterizes ketones?
What functional group characterizes ketones?
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Which of the following compounds can form hydrogen bonds with water?
Which of the following compounds can form hydrogen bonds with water?
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Which statement is true about aldehydes?
Which statement is true about aldehydes?
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What distinguishes ketones from aldehydes in terms of their structure?
What distinguishes ketones from aldehydes in terms of their structure?
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Which compound is an example of a ketone?
Which compound is an example of a ketone?
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Which two major groups of sugars are defined by the presence of carbonyl groups?
Which two major groups of sugars are defined by the presence of carbonyl groups?
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How do structural isomers differ between acetone and propanal?
How do structural isomers differ between acetone and propanal?
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What property of water molecules allows them to form hydrogen bonds?
What property of water molecules allows them to form hydrogen bonds?
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Which type of biomolecule is essential for energy storage and includes fats?
Which type of biomolecule is essential for energy storage and includes fats?
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What happens to electrostatic interactions in proteins when salt concentration changes?
What happens to electrostatic interactions in proteins when salt concentration changes?
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Which macromolecule is formed from monomers called residues?
Which macromolecule is formed from monomers called residues?
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What type of charge do phosphate groups contribute to a molecule?
What type of charge do phosphate groups contribute to a molecule?
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What is the effect of unlike charges in electrostatic interactions?
What is the effect of unlike charges in electrostatic interactions?
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How do molecules containing phosphate groups typically behave in water?
How do molecules containing phosphate groups typically behave in water?
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What property allows carboxylic acids to act as acids?
What property allows carboxylic acids to act as acids?
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What type of interaction occurs between cations and anions?
What type of interaction occurs between cations and anions?
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What is the charge of a carboxylate ion when it is found in cells?
What is the charge of a carboxylate ion when it is found in cells?
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Which functional group is likely to act as a base in biological systems?
Which functional group is likely to act as a base in biological systems?
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Which of the following compounds is an example of a thiol?
Which of the following compounds is an example of a thiol?
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What reaction occurs between two sulfhydryl groups?
What reaction occurs between two sulfhydryl groups?
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Which statement is true regarding the ionization of glycine?
Which statement is true regarding the ionization of glycine?
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Which of these options describes a characteristic of carboxylic acids?
Which of these options describes a characteristic of carboxylic acids?
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Which group is most likely to be involved in forming disulfide bonds?
Which group is most likely to be involved in forming disulfide bonds?
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What type of bond is characterized as a weak interaction between hydrogen and nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine atoms?
What type of bond is characterized as a weak interaction between hydrogen and nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine atoms?
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Which of the following types of bonds is formed through the sharing of electrons?
Which of the following types of bonds is formed through the sharing of electrons?
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What describes the interaction between charged groups such as Na+ and Cl-?
What describes the interaction between charged groups such as Na+ and Cl-?
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Which type of interaction occurs only when nonpolar molecules are in very close proximity?
Which type of interaction occurs only when nonpolar molecules are in very close proximity?
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What type of effect causes nonpolar molecules to aggregate in water?
What type of effect causes nonpolar molecules to aggregate in water?
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Which of the following best describes isomers?
Which of the following best describes isomers?
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What are enantiomers?
What are enantiomers?
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Which statement is incorrect regarding hydrogen bonds?
Which statement is incorrect regarding hydrogen bonds?
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Study Notes
General Biochemistry - Lecture 1
- The lecture covers general biochemistry concepts, focusing on the levels of organization in living organisms, chemical context of life, syllabus, functional groups, and different types of bonds.
- Living organisms are composed of complex structures, ranging from atoms to complex organisms, with increasing levels of complexity in biological molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems.
- About 96% of an organism's weight is composed of carbon (C), oxygen (O), hydrogen (H), and nitrogen (N).
- Other elements like phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), calcium (Ca), and potassium (K) account for the remaining 4% of an organism's weight.
Syllabus
- The syllabus covers introduction to organic biomolecules, including functional groups and stereochemistry.
- Topics also include acid/base properties of amino acids, buffers, titrations and water electrolytes.
- Other topics include chemistry, structure and function of proteins, enzyme kinetics, cofactors, vitamins, chemistry of carbohydrates, glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, glycogen metabolism, regulation of blood sugar, diabetes mellitus, TCA cycle, oxidative phosphorylation and vitamins, chemistry of lipids, fatty acid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism.
Functional Groups
- Important functional groups in biochemistry include hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, and phosphate groups.
Hydroxyl Group
- Alcohols contain hydroxyl groups (-OH).
- Hydroxyl groups are polar, making them attract water molecules and contributing to dissolving organic compounds.
Carbonyl Group
- Carbonyl groups (C=O) are polar.
- Aldehydes (-CHO) occur at the end of the carbon skeleton, while ketones are located in the middle of the skeleton.
- Ketones and aldehydes are present in sugars.
Carboxyl Group
- Carboxylic acids, or organic acids, contain carboxyl groups (-COOH).
- Carboxyl groups acts an acid; able to donate a proton (H+).
Amino Group
- Amines are functional groups containing amino groups (-NH2).
- Amino groups acts as a base and can accept protons from surrounding solutions.
Sulfhydryl Group
- Thiol groups contain sulfhydryl groups (-SH).
- Two sulfhydryl groups react, forming a covalent bond, which helps stabilize protein structure.
Phosphate Group
- Organic phosphates contain phosphate groups (-PO4 2-).
- The phosphate group contributes a negative charge to the molecule and allows molecules that contain the phosphate group, like ATP, to react with water to release energy.
Macromolecules
- The four major classes of macromolecules in cells are proteins, lipids, nucleic acids (DNA/RNA) and carbohydrates.
Electrostatic Forces
- Electrostatic interactions occur between cations (+ charge) and anions (- charge).
- Like charges repel, while unlike charges attract, and are important in protein folding, RNA folding, and DNA helix.
- Electrostatic interactions depend on salt concentration and pH.
Water Molecules
- Water molecules are polar.
- Water's polarity allows it to form hydrogen bonds with itself and dissolve hydrophilic (ionic or polar) substances.
Hydrogen Bonds
- Hydrogen bonds are relatively weak electrostatic forces or interactions between hydrogen atoms and nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine atoms.
- Hydrogen bonds are important in biological molecules like water, alcohols, and amines.
Ionic Bonds
- Ionic bonds are electrostatic interactions between two oppositely charged ions.
- Biological molecules have interactions between different charged groups.
van der Waals Interactions
- van der Waals interactions occur between nonpolar molecules.
- These forces are weak but significant in biological molecules.
Covalent Bonds
- Covalent bonds form when atoms share pairs of electrons.
- Covalent bonds are important structures in biological molecules for stability.
Hydrophobic Interactions
- Hydrophobic substances that lack polar groups are insoluble in water.
- Nonpolar molecules aggregate in water to minimize their contact with water molecules, leading to energetically favorable hydrophobic interactions.
Stereochemistry
- Isomers have the same molecular formula but different structures and properties.
- Cis-trans isomers have different spatial arrangements around double bonds.
- Enantiomers are mirror images of each other.
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Description
This quiz covers foundational concepts in biochemistry, including the organization of life and the chemical basis of living organisms. It explores the functional groups, types of bonds, and the significance of key elements in biology. Prepare to dive into organic biomolecules and their essential roles.
