General Anatomy: Skeletal System

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of cartilage in joints?

To reduce friction and absorb shock (correct)

To connect muscles to bones

To store calcium

To produce blood cells

How many bones are included in the adult axial skeleton?

80 (correct)

206

126

Which of the following bones is NOT part of the appendicular skeleton?

Humerus

Femur

Rib (correct)

Scapula

Which section of the skeleton contains the clavicle and scapula?

Appendicular Skeleton Signup and view all the answers

What is the total number of bones in the adult human skeleton?

206 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of osteocytes in bone tissue?

To maintain bone tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of bones?

Hormone production Signup and view all the answers

What type of tissue is bone classified as?

Dense connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes long bones?

They have a shaft called the diaphysis. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cartilage is typically found in joints?

Hyaline cartilage Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to the region at the junction of the diaphysis and epiphysis in long bones?

Metaphysis Signup and view all the answers

How many distinct bones are typically found in an adult human skeleton?

206 Signup and view all the answers

What connective tissue membrane covers the outer surface of bones?

Periosteum Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily responsible for the lengthwise growth of long bones in children and adolescents?

Proliferation of cells in the epiphyseal plate Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the long bone is specifically covered by a layer of hyaline cartilage?

Epiphysis Signup and view all the answers

What describes intramembranous ossification?

Transform mesenchyme directly into bone Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the periosteum?

Protecting the bone and providing muscle attachment Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes short bones?

They are cuboidal in shape Signup and view all the answers

What is one characteristic that differentiates bone from cartilage?

Bone has a rich nerve supply Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cartilage is known for its elastic fibers?

Elastic cartilage Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bone contains large air spaces lined by epithelium?

Pneumatic bones Signup and view all the answers

Which vessel primarily supplies blood to the epiphyseal cartilage?

Epiphyseal vessels Signup and view all the answers

What type of bone tissue is characterized as dense and hard, forming the protective exterior of bones?

Compact bone Signup and view all the answers

Which structure surrounds cartilage and is similar to the periosteum?

Perichondrium Signup and view all the answers

Which type of ossification occurs in most long bones?

Intracartilaginous ossification Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes irregular bones?

They have complex and irregular shapes Signup and view all the answers

What role does cartilage play in joint function?

Serves as a smooth gliding surface for bones Signup and view all the answers

What is the most abundant type of cartilage in the body?

Hyaline cartilage Signup and view all the answers

What happens to chondrocytes when cartilage calcifies?

They die and are replaced by bone-like tissue Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Objectives

Understand bone structure and functions.
Identify blood supply to bones.
Recognize components of the skeleton.
Classify bones by shape and structure.
Discuss types of cartilages.

Introduction to Osteology

Osteology is the study of bone structure and function.
The skeleton comprises bones and cartilages interconnected by ligaments and joints.
Bones are rigid organs forming the skeletal structure.

Overview of the Skeletal System

Adults possess 206 distinct bones.
Bones account for approximately 15% of body weight.
The skeletal system includes various cells (osteocytes) and tissues (osseous tissue).

Functions of Bones

Protect vital organs (e.g., heart, brain, spinal cord).
Support body weight and organs.
Facilitate muscle attachment for movement.
Produce blood cells (hemopoiesis).
Store minerals (calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium).

Structure of Bone

Bone is dense connective tissue, living and vascularized.
Composed of osteocytes and a matrix.
Covered by periosteum (fibrous connective tissue) and lined by endosteum.

Classification of Bones

By Position: Axial (skull, vertebral column, ribs) and Appendicular (limbs).
By Shape: Long, short, flat, irregular, pneumatic, sesamoid.
By Structure: Compact and spongy.
By Ossification: Intracartilaginous (long bones) and intramembranous (flat bones).

Long Bones

Structure: Diaphysis (shaft), epiphyses (expanded ends), metaphysis (junction area).
Diaphysis: Contains compact bone, periosteum, and marrow cavity; filled with bone marrow.
Epiphyses: Composed of spongy bone; covered by hyaline cartilage at the articular surface.
Epiphyseal plate (growth plate) allows lengthwise bone growth, nourished by epiphyseal and metaphyseal arteries.

Short, Flat, and Irregular Bones

Short Bones: Cuboidal shape (e.g., carpal and tarsal bones).
Flat Bones: Thin, flattened (e.g., skull, ribs, sternum).
Irregular Bones: Unique shapes (e.g., vertebrae, hip bone).
Pneumatic Bones: Contain air spaces, often epithelial lined (e.g., maxilla).
Sesamoid Bones: Embedded in tendons (e.g., patella).

Bone Tissue Types

Compact Bone: Dense, forms outside layer of bones.
Spongy Bone: Porous, located inside compact bone.

Blood Supply to Bones

Nutrient Arteries: Single pair entering diaphysis via nutrient foramen.
Periosteal Vessels: Provide blood to superficial osteons.
Epiphyseal and Metaphyseal Vessels: Supply growth areas.

Cartilage Structure

Connective tissue with chondrocytes and collagen/elastic fibers in gel-like matrix.
Avascular and insensitive; nutrition diffuses through matrix.
Surrounded by perichondrium, except articular cartilage.

Types of Cartilage

Hyaline Cartilage: Most common; found in synovial joints.
Fibrocartilage: Contains collagen fibers; found in intervertebral discs.
Elastic Cartilage: Contains elastic fibers; found in respiratory structures and ear.

Functions of Cartilage

Supports soft tissues.
Provides smooth surfaces for bone articulation.
Aids in long bone growth and development.
Acts as a cushion in joints, reducing friction and shock.

Components of the Adult Skeleton

Axial Skeleton (80 bones): Skull (22), vertebral column (26), hyoid (1), auditory ossicles (6), ribs and sternum (25).
Appendicular Skeleton (126 bones): Upper extremities (64), lower extremities (62).
Total of 206 bones in adults.

Summary

Recognize the structure and functions of bones, periosteum, and cartilage.
Identify blood supply routes and skeletal components.

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Description

This quiz covers the fundamental aspects of the skeletal system, including bone structure, functions, and types of cartilages. Participants will identify the components of the skeleton and the essential arteries supplying bones. Prepare to test your knowledge on osteology and the anatomy of bones.