translation 1
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Questions and Answers

Where does translation occur in eukaryotes?

  • Nucleus
  • Mitochondria
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum
  • Cytoplasm (correct)

    • What is the main function of the small ribosomal subunit?

  • Facilitates the movement of tRNAs from A to P site
  • Peptide bond formation
  • Holds the decoding center (correct)
  • Contains the peptidyl transferase center

    • Which site on the ribosome is responsible for the last amino acid added to the polypeptide chain?

  • T-site
  • P-site (correct)
  • E-site
  • A-site

    • What is a common feature of all tRNAs in terms of their secondary structure?

    <p>Clover-leaf structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the initiation complex in translation?

    <p>Position the translation start site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves Aminoacyl-tRNA delivery, Peptide bond formation, and Translocation?

    <p>Elongation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the ribosome complex in maintaining a 6 bp contact with the mRNA?

    <p>To prevent frameshifting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which release factor recognizes the UAG codon during translation termination?

    <p>RF1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of EF-G during the dissociation of the ribosome complex from the mRNA?

    <p>Removing uncharged tRNA from the P-site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In co-translational control, how does the tryptophan operon regulate gene expression?

    <p>By facilitating protein production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of RF3 during translation termination?

    <p>Helping RF1 and RF2 in their roles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the release factor cause protein release during translation termination?

    <p>By transferring polypeptide to water instead of the next tRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary structure of a protein?

    <p>The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the enzymatic synthesis of RNA from a DNA template?

    <p>Transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe local folded structures within a polypeptide?

    <p>Secondary structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic material is translated into working parts in a cell?

    <p>Messenger RNA (mRNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for the three-dimensional structure of a protein primarily due to interactions between the R groups of amino acids?

    <p>Tertiary structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step forms the first stage in gene expression?

    <p>Transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of the trp operon?

    <p>Encoding biosynthetic enzymes for tryptophan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the trp operon expression affected by tryptophan levels?

    <p>Expressed when tryptophan levels are low</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the trp repressor?

    <p>Block expression from the operon when bound to tryptophan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if there is NO tryptophan present during translation of the attenuator polypeptide?

    <p>The ribosome stalls and an anti-terminator hairpin structure is generated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the attenuator sequence located in the trp operon?

    <p>Between the operator and the first gene of the operon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sequences are responsible for generating the anti-terminator and terminator hairpin structures during translation?

    <p>Anti-terminator: sequences 2 and 3; Terminator: sequences 3 and 4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the attenuator sequence in the leader region encode?

    <p>Self-complementary sections for hairpin formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does attenuation function as a control mechanism in protein translation?

    <p>By inducing the ribosome to stall in response to specific amino acid levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does attenuation work as a control mechanism in the trp operon?

    <p>Stops ribosome progression by forming hairpin structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does co-translational control have on protein synthesis in the presence of abundant tryptophan?

    <p>Translation is terminated prematurely.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physicochemical properties are characteristic of proteins according to Dr. Mark Carlile's lecture?

    <p>Consist only of hydrophobic amino acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can interference with the translation process impact gene expression control?

    <p>It could disrupt the formation of hairpin structures in mRNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of having NO tryptophan present during translation of the attenuator polypeptide?

    <p>Ribosome stalls and an anti-terminator hairpin structure is generated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the mRNA sequence turned into protein during translation?

    <p>Through the process of protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the ribosome complex in maintaining a 6 bp contact with the mRNA?

    <p>To ensure proper translation and reading of the genetic code</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of transfer RNAs (tRNAs) in protein synthesis?

    <p>Delivering amino acids to the ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How was the genetic code elucidated experimentally according to Dr. Mark Carlile's lecture?

    <p>Through decoding the mRNA sequences and understanding the codons</p> Signup and view all the answers

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