Gene Expression and Regulation Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which process in prokaryotes primarily regulates gene expression?

  • Replication
  • Translation
  • Processing
  • Transcription (correct)

    • What occurs when lactose binds to the lac repressor in the bacterial lac operon?

  • The operator binds to the promoter.
  • Lactose prevents transcription.
  • The lac operon is switched on. (correct)
  • The operator binds to the lac genes.

    • In which cell structure does mRNA processing occur in eukaryotic cells?

  • Cytoplasm
  • Nucleus (correct)
  • Ribosome
  • Endoplasmic reticulum

    • Which nucleotide sequences are eliminated during mRNA processing?

    <p>Introns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a promoter in genetics?

    <p>To signal RNA polymerase to start transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mutation results from the deletion of a nucleotide?

    <p>Frameshift</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mutation is known to have no effect on an organism's phenotype?

    <p>Silent mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is classified as a mutagen?

    <p>UV sunlight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of primers during the PCR process?

    <p>Provide a starting point for DNA synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During each PCR cycle, what happens to the number of copies of a DNA segment?

    <p>It doubles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phrase is true for a DNA fingerprint?

    <p>It cannot distinguish among siblings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes DNA that contains genes from more than one organism?

    <p>Recombinant DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Scientists primarily use PCR to achieve which of the following?

    <p>Amplify DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step of PCR that involves heating the DNA molecule?

    <p>To separate the DNA strands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the probability that two people have the same number of repeats at locations A and B if the chances are 1 in 500 for A and 1 in 800 for B?

    <p>1 in 13,000.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are true examples of clones?

    <p>Flowers from one plant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true of all genetically engineered organisms?

    <p>They have altered genomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Plants that contain recombinant DNA are called what?

    <p>Transgenic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main goals of the Human Genome Project?

    <p>Identify all the genes within the genome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gene sequencing defines the order of which of the following?

    <p>DNA nucleotides in genes or genomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The study of the proteins that result from an organism’s genome is known as what?

    <p>Proteomics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mutation is represented by changing T-G-A-C-C-A to T-G-A-G-C-A?

    <p>Substitution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In eukaryotes, which proteins assist RNA polymerase in binding to the regulatory region for transcription?

    <p>Transcription factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function does a promoter serve in the transcription process?

    <p>It allows a gene to be transcribed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What protein binds to the operator and blocks RNA polymerase?

    <p>Repressor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the lac operon model, under what condition will the genes be expressed?

    <p>Lactose is present in the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do operons play in prokaryotic gene expression?

    <p>To regulate gene activity in response to cellular needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the operator in an operon?

    <p>It acts as the 'on/off' switch for gene transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the complete set of genetic material called?

    <p>Genome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is used to cut DNA into smaller pieces?

    <p>Restriction enzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does gel electrophoresis do?

    <p>It separates DNA fragments by size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cell can differentiate into any cell type in the body?

    <p>Stem cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is bioinformatics primarily concerned with?

    <p>The use of computer tools to manage biological data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do DNA microarrays facilitate the comparison of gene expression?

    <p>By providing glowing indicators of active genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does proteomics study?

    <p>The comparison and functions of proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which suffix is relevant to understanding genomics and proteomics?

    <p>-ic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant benefit of proteomics research?

    <p>Analyzing the roles of proteins in disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do restriction enzymes determine where to cut DNA?

    <p>A specific sequence of nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are 'sticky ends' in DNA?

    <p>Single-stranded ends</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does GMO stand for?

    <p>Genetically Modified Organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do DNA fragments travel away from the negative electrode during gel electrophoresis?

    <p>DNA is negatively charged and attracted to the positive end</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of transcription factors in a cell?

    <p>They bind to DNA and guide RNA polymerase to gene start points</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mutation affects more genes, a gene mutation or a chromosomal mutation?

    <p>Chromosomal mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a TATA box?

    <p>A promoter sequence in eukaryotic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For a mutation to be inherited by offspring, where must it occur?

    <p>Germ cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Gene Expression Regulation in Prokaryotes

    • Gene expression in prokaryotes (like bacteria) is controlled primarily through controlling transcription.
    • The lac operon is a common example, where gene expression for lactose metabolism is regulated.
    • The operon is switched on when lactose is present, binding to the lac repressor and allowing transcription of lactose-metabolizing genes.

    mRNA Processing in Eukaryotes

    • mRNA processing in eukaryotic cells (like animal cells) occurs in the nucleus.
    • Introns are segments of non-coding DNA removed during mRNA processing, leaving only exons.

    Promoter Function

    • A promoter is a DNA sequence that signals the start of a gene.
    • It's where RNA polymerase binds to begin transcription.
    • It doesn't code for enzymes, but indicates where the transcription process should begin.
    • It also doesn't keep the gene permanently off, as that's dependent on other regulatory mechanisms.

    Gene Mutations and Cell Types

    • Mutations affecting offspring occur in germ cells.
    • Mutations in other cells (body cells) do not affect offspring.
    • Mutagens (agents that cause mutations) include UV sunlight.

    DNA Fragment Separation

    • Gel electrophoresis is a technique used to separate DNA fragments by size.
    • DNA fragments are negatively charged and move towards the positive end of the gel.
    • Small fragments travel faster and farther down the gel than larger fragments.

    Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

    • PCR is a technique used to amplify DNA.
    • PCR requires primers, nucleotides, DNA polymerase, and DNA template.
    • Each cycle doubles the number of DNA copies.
    • PCR involves heating to separate DNA strands and cooling to allow primers to bind.

    DNA Fingerprinting

    • DNA fingerprinting identifies individuals based on variations in non-coding DNA.
    • The differences are due to variations in the number of short repetitive sequences.
    • These differences are specific for each individual.
    • DNA fingerprinting is useful in forensic science, paternity testing, and crime investigations.
    • DNA fingerprinting can also be useful to identify evolutionary relationships.

    Genetic Engineering

    • Scientists use bacteria in genetic engineering because bacteria can contain plasmids.
    • Transgenic organisms contain genes from other organisms and are used for various purposes.
    • Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) can be used in food production.
    • Recombinant DNA is produced when DNA from different organisms is combined.

    Proteomics

    • Proteomics studies proteins in an organism.
    • This includes their interactions and functions.
    • Proteomics is useful in medical research.
    • Studying proteins also gives insights into human diseases and evolutionary relationships.

    DNA Microarrays

    • Microarrays are used to compare differences in gene expression.
    • Various types of cells are viewed to find which genes are expressed and at what rate.

    Gene Regulation

    • Transcription factors bind to DNA to control gene expression.
    • TATA box is a specific sequence that signals where transcription should begin.
    • Exons are gene segments expressed in proteins.
    • Introns are removed from the mRNA molecule during processing.
    • Promoters are DNA sequences that define where transcription of DNA should start.
    • Operons are groups of genes that work together.
    • Gene duplication can lead to unequal crossing over.
    • Translocation is the movement of a segment from one part of a chromosome to another.

    UV Light Damage

    • UV light causes thymine dimers, changing the DNA sequence.

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    Horizon International School Biology Final Revision Worksheet 2024-2025 PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on gene expression regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. This quiz covers key concepts like the lac operon, mRNA processing, and promoter function. Understand how mutations and different cell types influence gene expression.

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