WADA Doping: Gene and Cell Doping in Sports Quiz and Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What is gene doping?

Introducing new genes into tissues of the body to correct natural gene expression.

Manipulating the genetic heritage of an individual to enhance athletic performance.

Using genetic materials to improve nontherapeutic athletic performance. (correct)

The use of genes, genetic elements, or cells for therapeutic purposes in athletic performance.

How is athletic performance enhanced according to the text?

By manipulating the genetic heritage without any acquired skills.

Primarily through acquired skills gained through training and nutrition.

Through a combination of inherited genetic capabilities and acquired skills. (correct)

Solely through modifying genes using gene doping techniques.

What are some of the risks associated with gene doping?

Increased risk of intellectual traits being altered.

Alteration of natural gene expression in the body.

Unknown long-term health consequences and potential side effects. (correct)

No risks are associated with gene doping according to the text.

How does gene doping differ from assisted reproductive technology?

ART deals with genetics for therapeutic purposes while gene doping is nontherapeutic. Signup and view all the answers

How can genes be introduced for gene doping?

Introducing new genes into tissues of the body to enhance athletic performance. Signup and view all the answers

What determines our physical traits and athletic potential as per the text?

Inherited genetic capabilities and acquired skills. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason behind the need for a strict framework of gene applications for human enhancement purposes?

To ensure therapeutic and ethical use Signup and view all the answers

What has WADA done to address the risks of gene-based doping since 2000?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

In what year did WADA ban the use of genetically modified cells and gene therapy for enhancing sport performance?

2003 Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the significant actions taken by WADA regarding gene doping?

Including it in the Prohibited List of Substances and Methods Signup and view all the answers

Why is the scientific community increasingly exposed to the challenge of gene applications for human enhancement purposes?

Due to the potential risks associated with gene-based doping Signup and view all the answers

What type of programmes are being planned by WADA as part of their actions against gene doping?

Educational programmes Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of engineering a virus in gene therapy?

To introduce new therapeutic genes into cells Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes viral methods from non-viral methods in gene therapy?

Non-viral methods use DNA plasmids for gene transfer Signup and view all the answers

In the context of gene doping, why are techniques of gene therapy considered powerful and effective?

Due to their ability to boost muscle growth Signup and view all the answers

What makes gene editing harder to detect than conventional gene therapies?

Ability to restrict the changes to specific tissues like muscle Signup and view all the answers

Why may the risk/benefit ratio of gene therapy be acceptable in patients with certain conditions but not in healthy athletes?

Risk/benefit ratio may address medical needs but not ethical concerns in athletes Signup and view all the answers

What is an inevitable future application of genetic methods according to the text?

Preventing normal degeneration of muscle in human aging Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

What is Gene Doping?

Use of genes, genetic elements, or cells for non-therapeutic purposes to enhance athletic performance
Involves modifying genes to improve physical traits, such as muscle growth and oxygen transfer

Genetics and Athletic Performance

Human cells contain around 25,000 genes
Genetic heritage determines physical traits and athletic potential, as well as personality and intellectual traits

Methods of Gene Doping

Modification of genes using viruses to introduce new genes into tissues
Non-viral methods involve using DNA alone (plasmids) to transfer genetic information
Gene editing: tiny alterations to DNA in existing genes to temporarily boost or switch off gene activity

Risks and Concerns

Gene doping poses health risks and is unethical in healthy athletes
Techniques are powerful, effective, and difficult to detect
Risk/benefit ratio may be acceptable in patients, but not in normal healthy athletes

Future of Gene Doping

Genetic methods will likely be used to modify conditions, such as preventing muscle degeneration in aging
Genetic enhancement of athletic performance in sport seems inevitable
Techniques and tools are immature and potentially harmful, and should be excluded from sport

Preventing Gene Doping

Need for strict framework of use restricted to therapeutic and ethical use
Rules and safeguards must be established by governments to ensure ethical and safe use
WADA's actions: alerted scientific community to risks, organized workshops, provided financial support to research, and included gene doping in prohibited list

WADA's Actions

2003: banned use of genetically modified cells and gene therapy
2018: included gene editing agents in prohibited list
Educational programs planned to prevent gene doping

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Explore the concept of gene doping, genetics, and how it enhances athletic performance. Learn about the placement of genes in the body and associated risks. Join us in promoting clean sports without doping!