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Questions and Answers
What is gene doping?
What is gene doping?
- Introducing new genes into tissues of the body to correct natural gene expression.
- Manipulating the genetic heritage of an individual to enhance athletic performance.
- Using genetic materials to improve nontherapeutic athletic performance. (correct)
- The use of genes, genetic elements, or cells for therapeutic purposes in athletic performance.
How is athletic performance enhanced according to the text?
How is athletic performance enhanced according to the text?
- By manipulating the genetic heritage without any acquired skills.
- Primarily through acquired skills gained through training and nutrition.
- Through a combination of inherited genetic capabilities and acquired skills. (correct)
- Solely through modifying genes using gene doping techniques.
What are some of the risks associated with gene doping?
What are some of the risks associated with gene doping?
- Increased risk of intellectual traits being altered.
- Alteration of natural gene expression in the body.
- Unknown long-term health consequences and potential side effects. (correct)
- No risks are associated with gene doping according to the text.
How does gene doping differ from assisted reproductive technology?
How does gene doping differ from assisted reproductive technology?
How can genes be introduced for gene doping?
How can genes be introduced for gene doping?
What determines our physical traits and athletic potential as per the text?
What determines our physical traits and athletic potential as per the text?
What is the main reason behind the need for a strict framework of gene applications for human enhancement purposes?
What is the main reason behind the need for a strict framework of gene applications for human enhancement purposes?
What has WADA done to address the risks of gene-based doping since 2000?
What has WADA done to address the risks of gene-based doping since 2000?
In what year did WADA ban the use of genetically modified cells and gene therapy for enhancing sport performance?
In what year did WADA ban the use of genetically modified cells and gene therapy for enhancing sport performance?
What is one of the significant actions taken by WADA regarding gene doping?
What is one of the significant actions taken by WADA regarding gene doping?
Why is the scientific community increasingly exposed to the challenge of gene applications for human enhancement purposes?
Why is the scientific community increasingly exposed to the challenge of gene applications for human enhancement purposes?
What type of programmes are being planned by WADA as part of their actions against gene doping?
What type of programmes are being planned by WADA as part of their actions against gene doping?
What is the main purpose of engineering a virus in gene therapy?
What is the main purpose of engineering a virus in gene therapy?
What distinguishes viral methods from non-viral methods in gene therapy?
What distinguishes viral methods from non-viral methods in gene therapy?
In the context of gene doping, why are techniques of gene therapy considered powerful and effective?
In the context of gene doping, why are techniques of gene therapy considered powerful and effective?
What makes gene editing harder to detect than conventional gene therapies?
What makes gene editing harder to detect than conventional gene therapies?
Why may the risk/benefit ratio of gene therapy be acceptable in patients with certain conditions but not in healthy athletes?
Why may the risk/benefit ratio of gene therapy be acceptable in patients with certain conditions but not in healthy athletes?
What is an inevitable future application of genetic methods according to the text?
What is an inevitable future application of genetic methods according to the text?
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Study Notes
What is Gene Doping?
- Use of genes, genetic elements, or cells for non-therapeutic purposes to enhance athletic performance
- Involves modifying genes to improve physical traits, such as muscle growth and oxygen transfer
Genetics and Athletic Performance
- Human cells contain around 25,000 genes
- Genetic heritage determines physical traits and athletic potential, as well as personality and intellectual traits
Methods of Gene Doping
- Modification of genes using viruses to introduce new genes into tissues
- Non-viral methods involve using DNA alone (plasmids) to transfer genetic information
- Gene editing: tiny alterations to DNA in existing genes to temporarily boost or switch off gene activity
Risks and Concerns
- Gene doping poses health risks and is unethical in healthy athletes
- Techniques are powerful, effective, and difficult to detect
- Risk/benefit ratio may be acceptable in patients, but not in normal healthy athletes
Future of Gene Doping
- Genetic methods will likely be used to modify conditions, such as preventing muscle degeneration in aging
- Genetic enhancement of athletic performance in sport seems inevitable
- Techniques and tools are immature and potentially harmful, and should be excluded from sport
Preventing Gene Doping
- Need for strict framework of use restricted to therapeutic and ethical use
- Rules and safeguards must be established by governments to ensure ethical and safe use
- WADA's actions: alerted scientific community to risks, organized workshops, provided financial support to research, and included gene doping in prohibited list
WADA's Actions
- 2003: banned use of genetically modified cells and gene therapy
- 2018: included gene editing agents in prohibited list
- Educational programs planned to prevent gene doping
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