Gene Analysis and Molecular Hybridization Techniques

<p>Labeling cDNA from experimental samples. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It does not reveal the biological network as a whole. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To enable replication independently within host cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Being double-stranded for stability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Southern blot hybridization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Northern blotting (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA Microarray Analysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They allow identification of cells transformed with the vector (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MAC (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protein electrophoresis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sequence complementarity with the target sequence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extraction of genetic material (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They allow the insertion of multiple foreign DNA fragments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phenol-chloroform extraction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gene expression levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In situ hybridization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gel electrophoresis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spectrophotometer-based methods (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To denature proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Guanidinium thiocyanate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The size of the nucleic acids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To selectively denature RNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electrophoresis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It precipitates nucleic acids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases the yield of nucleic acids. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Silica (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To report the DNA synthesis during elongation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Using a standard curve established with known concentrations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It quenches the reporter signal during the probe's binding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It represents the cycle number at which specific fluorescence is detected (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An insert that is incorporated into a vector (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are specific to particular DNA sequences or structures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To terminate DNA synthesis at specific positions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They intercalate into double-stranded DNA to emit fluorescence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Western blotting (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The vector can replicate the insert within a host cell (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They replace radiolabels for detecting nucleotide sequences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Use of capillary electrophoresis for better separation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Human Genome Project (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The synthesis is immediately halted. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It involves the detection of RNA rather than DNA. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of extracting genetic material from living organisms, including animal, plant, or microbial tissues.

Techniques that separate molecules based on their size and charge using an electric current. This is useful for analyzing extracted nucleic acids like DNA and RNA.

A technique used to amplify specific DNA sequences, creating millions of copies. This is crucial for studying genes and their expression.

A technique used to amplify and quantify RNA. This is valuable for analyzing gene expression levels.

A technique that uses a radioactive or fluorescent probe to detect specific DNA sequences within a sample. This is used to study gene structure and expression.

A method used to determine the sequence of nucleotides in DNA. This allows scientists to understand the precise structure of genes.

A technique that uses a membrane to separate and analyze RNA molecules based on their size. This is helpful for studying gene expression profiles.

A technique for analyzing gene expression across a large number of genes simultaneously. This enables researchers to study how a cell's gene expression changes in response to different conditions.

The process of breaking open cells to release their contents, including DNA and RNA.

Using chemicals like detergents or chaotropic agents to dissolve cell membranes.

Using physical force, like grinding, to break open cells and release DNA and RNA.

The process of removing proteins from a DNA/RNA sample.

A solution often used for protein elimination in DNA/RNA extraction. It denatures proteins, allowing them to be separated from the nucleic acids.

A gel made of agarose or acrylamide used to separate nucleic acid fragments during electrophoresis.

A method of quantifying DNA or RNA by measuring its absorbance at specific wavelengths of light. This provides information about the concentration and purity of the sample.

Fluorescent dyes that bind to DNA and emit light when intercalated into double-stranded DNA.

Fluorescent agents used to label specific target probes, for example, by attaching to the ends of probes.

A type of target-specific probe that is cleaved by the enzyme Taq polymerase during DNA amplification.

A type of target-specific probe that binds to specific DNA sequences by complementary base pairing.

A type of target-specific probe that has a fluorophore and a quencher attached, which prevent fluorescence until the probe binds to its target sequence.

A type of target-specific probe used in real-time PCR, where it is labeled with a fluorophore at the 5' end and a quencher at the 3' end. During DNA amplification, the probe is cleaved by the polymerase, releasing the fluorophore and allowing it to emit fluorescence.

The number of cycles in a real-time PCR experiment at which the fluorescence signal crosses a specific threshold, representing the point at which the signal becomes significant and detectable.

A method used to determine the initial amount of DNA in a sample by using a standard curve with known DNA concentrations to relate the Ct values of unknown samples to their corresponding DNA amounts.

DNA molecules designed to replicate independently inside host cells, carrying genetic material of interest for cloning experiments.

A specific DNA sequence within a vector that enables the replication of the vector in a host cell.

A region within a vector that contains multiple recognition sites for restriction enzymes, allowing for the insertion of foreign DNA segments.

Genes incorporated into a vector that provide resistance to specific antibiotics, allowing for the selection of cells carrying the vector by culturing them in media containing those antibiotics.

A process that uses complementary base pairing to detect a specific DNA sequence (target) using a labeled probe.

A labeled molecule with a sequence that complements the target sequence, used in molecular hybridization.

A type of molecular hybridization where the target DNA is attached to a solid surface like a membrane, plate, or slide.

A type of molecular hybridization that occurs directly within tissues or cells without extracting the target DNA.

The study of the functions and interactions of genes and proteins within a living organism.

A technique that simultaneously analyzes the expression levels of thousands of genes by comparing the abundance of mRNA transcripts in different samples.

A technique used to identify and quantify specific proteins or molecules within a sample. It can be used to determine the protein composition of a sample and its potential modifications

Analysis of gene expression using a labeled cDNA library hybridized to a microarray containing sequences from all ORFs of the organism.

A technique used in molecular biology to analyze proteins based on their size and properties. Proteins are first separated on a gel, transferred to a membrane, and then identified using specific antibodies.

A method that uses dideoxynucleotides (ddNTPs) to halt DNA replication at specific points, enabling determination of the DNA sequence.

These are special nucleotides lacking a 3’-OH group, which prevents the formation of phosphodiester bonds and thus stops DNA chain elongation.

This technique utilizes fluorescently labeled ddNTPs and electrophoresis to analyze DNA fragments, enabling automated DNA sequencing.

These projects aim to determine the complete DNA sequence of an organism, including the Human Genome Project.

This is a type of electrophoresis that separates molecules based on their size. It is a key technique in DNA sequencing as it separates DNA fragments by length, allowing their order to be determined. It is used in automatic sequencing.