Gender Studies and Education

• These study notes summarize key concepts and findings about gender studies and education.

Fundamental Questions in Gender Studies and Educational Science

• Gender and gender relations are crucial in pedagogy, even when not explicitly discussed.
• They impact processes in all age groups and various life stages.
• Gender, gender relations, and gender equality are central to educational science and socialization.
• These issues relate to upbringing, education, professional training, work, and family life.

Theoretical Perspectives on Fundamental Questions

• Gender studies considers concepts from social, practice-oriented, gender-historical, and power-theoretical angles.
• It analyzes, describes, and theorizes social reality, providing tools for its interpretation.
• It theorizes the interaction between individuals and society.
• Power relations are a key focus, explaining gendered structures, institutions, and individuals.
• It explains what modern societies do with gender and addresses how relationships and behaviors are gendered.

Education and Upbringing

• Education and upbringing are means for society to renew its foundations.
• They are significant in reproducing the existential foundations of people and society.
• Course discusses how the reproduction of these foundations becomes gendered in society and culture.

Aim of Theoretical Concepts

• Increase complexity instead of reducing it in the perception of social phenomena.
• It also aims at analysis and criticism of social problems.

Starting Point: Society-Related Perspectives

• The existence of people and societies depends on the generative and regenerative reproduction of society.
• Also the cultural and material reproduction of society is important.
• Gender inequalities stem from how society deals with basic human existence.

Key Aspects of Societal Organization

• Birth and historically produced generational and gender orders
• Work and historically produced gender relations in the division of necessary labor.
• Gender orders are answers to fundamental questions of existence and naturalized social groupings.
• Gender relations derive from gendering reproduction to form the basis of humans and society.
• Masculinities and femininities become real through the division of necessary work.
• They are reinforced by the institutionalization of gender difference in societal institutions.
• Also socio-cultural class practices of gender differentiation are reinforced from habit.

Differences that Make a Difference

• Key differences in educational science include age and generations.
• Key gender studies differences include gender, disability, and migration.
• Context and continuum determine what distinctions matter.

Distinctions and Differences

• Social action involves distinction and improving one's position in social space.
• Power is the ability of individuals/groups to differentiate themselves and make it socially meaningful creating significance in the world.
• Difference makes sense when it's acknowledged by others.

Task of Critical Gender Research

• Perceive, understand, and explain the diversity of power forms.
• Basis: understanding in what conditions differences make a difference and who supports how differences are and stay

Gender Knowledge

• Wissenssoziologisches states that knowledge cannot be separated from the conditions of the production historically or socially.
• This is especially true for knowledge production around gender differences.
• Critical gender research aims to empower individuals by questioning assumed necessities in human existence, ultimately opening space for societal transformation.

Focus Areas

• History and social conditions
• Social fields
• Interactions conditions
• What/which knowledge
• Who produces, reproduces, shares or applied

Subject Matter of Gender Studies

• The reflexive relationship between knowledge, action, and social structures, and their continuity and changes.
• Also opportunities for change in gender order, relations as well of relationships, and knowledge über these, as well judging gender knowledge due to social order

Practice-Theoretical / Praxeological Gender Knowledge Concept

• Individuals incorporate perceptions/ interpretations through socialization.
• The resulting habitus is both gendered and gendering.
• It is oriented practically and classification created which cohere existing gender classifications.
• Studies and discussion around gender knowledge are based empiric social science study of forms, and wise to gender distinguishing

Gender Knowledge Forms

• Gender knowledge has been divided into three empirically based forms: socially objective, subjective incorporated as well field specific
• Ad 1) Social Objective is based Normative, 2) subjective incorporated knowledge daily life 3) Field specific is oriented towards fields

3 Aspects of Habitus

• Is affected by social class, and affects view to masculinity and femininity, the bodily aspect of pratical cognition, a system of lasting schemes of perception.
• Socialization makes male and female bodies mirror social division, functioning as a total, irreversible incorporation.
• Embodied understanding.

Institutional and Social Factors

• Institutions like family, class, and profession influence the transmission of gender knowledge.
• Habitus, the embodied social aspect, also informs gender knowledge and action.
• Socialization turns masculinity and femininity into physical realities, shaping identity.

Schemas that form Habitus

• There are schemas like perception, thought, and action that build habit.
• Social meaning functions like instinct, ingrained and automatic.
• Embodied learning goes beyond conscious reflection; it becomes who you are.

Feld Specific Gender Knowledge

• In special Institution it is knowledge is z.B Sciences and also is juristic
• It has distance as well
• It is connected with applying as professional

Gender Knowledge Coexistence

• Actor in the Feld has to take on the corresponding habitude
• The social Felder works on have there own logic, with structure by practices
• Each Field has its own independent rules and structures. The structure are not existing due to peoples actions

Wetterer's Forms of Gendered Knowledges

• Everyday difference and gender knowledge
• Gender expertise
• Feminist theory and criticism

Aspects of Everyday Gendered Knowledge

• Primarily pre-reflexive knowledge which is inherited as well as praktikal, its embodied but also milieu specificity und in relation with others like class, Migration

Gender Expertise Includes

• Expert driven which oriented along adressat and proved Relevance

Key aspects of Scientific genderspecific Knowlegde

• Oriented a rulls which to proof

The Social acts and is effected through Gender Wissen

• Is is habitaliserts/ objective/feldspezifisch

Fünf Konstruktionsregeln

• Ii. Monotone similarity (I. binary Distinguish 2 bipolar 3. Hierarcjisation

II. Endless variation

• erheblich Varabilität von "Männlichkeiten" und "Weiblichkeiten"

In modern time emerged Traits from gender order

• ➤binarisierende Ordnun
• ➤bipolarisierende Ordnung

Wie wird „Männlicheit“ und „Weiblichkeit“ eine Wirklichkeit

• Männlichketi and Weiblichkeit become people personal, this is by that a new perception has to be mad

( Macht)kritik= „Kunst nicht dermaßen regiert zu werden“( Micheal Foucault)

• Michel Foucault criticises it as humans get something evident, for wahr, and this evidence as not criticize and destroy, sie helf discover willküprl Institution as well as freedom

Soziale Gewalt

• Symolic Gewalt =Die unerkannte und damit anerkannte Gewalt,mit Hilfe der herrschende Sicht der sozialaen Welt . damit die herrshcnde Geschlechterrdnung Legitimiert ist [Bourdieu]