CHAPTER 10 - Gender Inequality
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Questions and Answers

What major accusation was brought against Google in 2017?

  • Systematic layoffs based on age
  • Sexual harassment of male employees
  • Systemic compensation disparities based on gender (correct)
  • Mismanagement of employee benefits

What specific incident did Whitney Wolfe mention in her lawsuit against Tinder?

  • Omitting her name from media coverage (correct)
  • Being offered undue support from colleagues
  • Being denied a promotion
  • Receiving excessive bonuses

What did Whitney Wolfe describe as 'horrendously sexist' in her lawsuit?

  • Disparities in salary among executives
  • Inappropriate comments and messages from executives (correct)
  • Lack of women in leadership roles
  • Company policies on maternity leave

What common issue is highlighted in women's experiences in corporate environments?

<p>Obstacles to career advancement irrespective of their role (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of Kelley Voelker's supervisor's concerns before her maternity leave?

<p>Her commitment to the job after childbirth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor is often cited as a reason for the low number of women in leadership positions?

<p>Subtle discrimination (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding women's representation in the workforce?

<p>Women account for more than half of the workforce. (A), Women are underrepresented in top-earning positions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do feminists argue about the potential for overarching explanations for women's oppression?

<p>They think overarching explanations are simplistic. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the sociological definition of gender inequality?

<p>The difference in status, power, and prestige between women and men. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of society is primarily responsible for gender inequality?

<p>Patriarchy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How have women in the United States made progress according to the document?

<p>Primarily in education, work, politics, and economics. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common way schools have historically fostered gender differences?

<p>Forcing girls to wear dresses or skirts. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which areas are gendered inequalities observed according to sociological research?

<p>Education, workplace, family, and politics. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the degree of patriarchy indicate?

<p>The variability of male dominance in different societies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of gender inequality does the document suggest is less pronounced in the United States compared to other nations?

<p>Cultural devaluation of women. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feminist perspective sees gender inequalities primarily as a result of social and cultural attitudes?

<p>Liberal feminism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one common aspect shared by various strands of feminist theory?

<p>The analysis of women's unequal position in society (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to feminist theories, what are examples of factors contributing to gender inequality?

<p>Sexism and discrimination (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does liberal feminism differ from radical feminism concerning the view of women's subordination?

<p>Liberal feminism attributes it to individual factors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What agenda do feminist movements typically pursue?

<p>Ending sexism and inequality (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an aspect that feminist theories often analyze?

<p>Sexual orientation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What historical event is mentioned as a significant moment for women's employment opportunities?

<p>World War II (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does liberal feminism primarily focus on to explain gender inequality?

<p>Civil rights access (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior of teachers affects gender dynamics in problem-solving among students?

<p>Teachers encourage deeper thinking primarily in boys. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one significant disadvantage boys face in the classroom according to the observations?

<p>Boys are often punished more frequently than girls. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do boys typically respond to academic challenges posed by teachers?

<p>They are encouraged to think through their answers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What long-term effects can result from the punitive measures that boys face in schools?

<p>Lower graduation rates and poorer employment prospects. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way might boys be misidentified in educational settings?

<p>Their behavioral problems may be misclassified as learning disabilities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is often the gender pattern in special education placement?

<p>Boys significantly outnumber girls in special education programs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of the academic challenges faced by boys?

<p>Increased academic engagement. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do teachers play in shaping gender inequalities in the classroom?

<p>Teachers reinforce traditional gender roles through their interactions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key objection critics have towards radical feminist views?

<p>Patriarchy does not consider variations across cultures and history. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which issue do radical feminists emphasize in their discourse?

<p>Male violence and objectification of women. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What danger does the universal concept of patriarchy pose according to critics?

<p>It can result in biological reductionism regarding gender inequality. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do critics view the notion that patriarchy is a universal experience?

<p>They argue it disregards the impact of race and class. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What complexity is overlooked by the notion of patriarchy as a universal phenomenon?

<p>The intersectionality of gender with social and economic factors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does radical feminism emphasize regarding women’s subordination?

<p>It includes significant power disparities influenced by multiple factors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the concept of patriarchy considered inadequate by some critics?

<p>It lacks the ability to explain regional differences in women’s experiences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What misconception might arise from viewing patriarchy as a universal phenomenon?

<p>It emphasizes a singular narrative of oppression. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason why women can't get ahead in the work field according to the concept of 'glass ceiling'?

<p>lack of sponsorship (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feminism is the one described: blames the patriarchy and male domination of all aspects in life for gender inequality

<p>radical (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feminism is the one described: wants to solve gender inequality issues through legislation, protection of rights

<p>liberal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feminism is the one described: blames capitalism, globalization, colonialism, racism and imperialism for gender inequality

<p>transnational (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between sex and gender?

<p>sex refers to the biological and anatomical differences gender refers to the socially constructed expectations to males and females (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

1st wave feminism was in the ... and focused on ...

<p>19th and early 20th century, legal issues like voting rights (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

2nd wave feminism was from the ... and focused on issues like ...

<p>1960s, sexuality, family and work, reproductive rights, domestic violence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

3rd wave feminism was from the ..., and about ..., fighting against ...

<p>1990s, celebrating femininity across race, class and sexual orientations; stereotypes, sexist media portrayal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

4th wave feminism was from the ..., it can be simplified as ... because of the ...

<p>2008 onwards, 'online feminism', appearance of social media (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Women in Fortune 500 CEO positions (2017)

The percentage of women holding CEO positions in Fortune 500 companies in 2017 was a mere 5.4%. This means that despite making up nearly half of the workforce, women were significantly underrepresented in top leadership roles.

Gender Gap in S&P 500 Leadership

While women comprise a significant portion of the workforce (44%), they hold only 20% of board seats and 9.5% of top-earner positions in S&P 500 firms. This disparity highlights the persistent gender gap in leadership roles.

Subtle Discrimination in Business

Experts suggest that discrimination against women in business often manifests in subtle and difficult-to-prove ways. This makes it challenging to pinpoint and address the issue effectively.

Importance of Gender Inequality in Business

The question of why so few women hold top leadership positions in business is crucial because it reflects a deep-seated issue of gender inequality in the corporate world.

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Feminist Theory

A sociological perspective that focuses on gender as a key factor in analyzing society, particularly the unique experiences of women.

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Diversity within Feminist Theory

Many different feminist perspectives exist, each offering different explanations and solutions for gender inequalities.

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Liberal Feminism

A type of feminist theory that believes gender inequality stems primarily from unequal access to rights and opportunities in society.

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Causes of Gender Inequality according to Liberal Feminism

According to liberal feminism, factors like sexism, discrimination in workplaces, and education contribute to women's unequal position in society.

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Liberal Feminism's Approach to Solutions

Liberal feminists believe that by addressing these societal issues, women can achieve greater equality.

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Liberal Feminism vs. Radical Feminism

Unlike radical feminists, liberal feminists don't see women's subordination as part of a larger system.

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Women's Roles in World War II

A period where many women took jobs in factories, demonstrating how societal expectations of women can change in response to events.

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Societal Expectations and Gender Roles

The degree to which a society allows women to engage in traditionally masculine activities varies across time and cultures.

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Patriarchy

The idea that a system of power structures is controlled by men, leading to the oppression of women.

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Universal Patriarchy Criticism

A criticism of radical feminist theory, claiming that applying 'patriarchy' universally ignores variations in how women are oppressed based on factors like race and class.

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Inadequacy of Patriarchy

The idea that the concept of 'patriarchy' is too simple and doesn't account for all the nuances of how women are oppressed.

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Gender Inequality

The unequal treatment and opportunities women face compared to men.

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Biological Reductionism

Reducing complex social issues like gender inequality to a biological difference between men and women.

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Gender Inequality (expanded)

The difference in social status, power, and prestige experienced by women and men.

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Gender Typing in Education

How schools reinforce gender-based expectations and behaviors.

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Unequal Power of Oppressors

The idea that men hold power to oppress women, but that this power varies based on factors like race, class, and ethnicity.

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Cultural Variations

The idea that women's oppression isn't uniform across cultures.

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Overarching Explanations for Women's Oppression

The belief that there are universal explanations for the oppression of women and solutions to it.

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Emphasis on Violence and Objectification

The focus of radical feminist theory on male violence and objectification of women.

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Postmodern Feminism

A feminist perspective that questions the possibility of universal explanations for women's oppression.

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Patriarchy as a Broad Concept

The criticism that the concept of patriarchy is too broad and doesn't account for the specific ways in which women are oppressed.

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Incompatibility of Postmodern Feminism

The idea that postmodern feminist perspectives challenge universal explanations for women's oppression.

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Research on Gender

The study of gender differences and inequalities across various domains.

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Mommy-tracking

A practice where women who are mothers or about to become mothers are treated differently in the workplace, often leading to disadvantages in their career advancement.

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Gender Discrimination

A form of discrimination that occurs when individuals are treated differently based on their gender, specifically targeting women.

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Gender Pay Gap

Pay disparity between men and women in the same job or for similar skills and responsibilities.

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Gender Discrimination Lawsuit

A lawsuit filed by an employee against an employer alleging unfair or illegal treatment related to their gender.

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Male-dominated Work Environment

A corporate environment where the majority of individuals in leadership positions are men.

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Uncredited Work

When individuals are omitted from recognition or credit for their work, particularly based on their gender or other factors.

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Hostile Work Environment

A hostile work environment where inappropriate or offensive behavior is tolerated, specifically targeting women or creating an uncomfortable environment for them.

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Family Status Discrimination

A type of discrimination where an individual's personal life, specifically having children or being pregnant, is used negatively to judge their professional capabilities.

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Gender bias in the classroom

The unequal treatment or opportunities given to boys and girls in the classroom based on their gender.

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Teacher-student interaction patterns

Teachers helping boys work out answers while simply providing girls with correct answers without engaging them in problem-solving.

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Academic challenges for boys

Teachers posing more challenging questions to boys, encouraging critical thinking and deeper understanding.

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Discipline differences

Boys being disciplined more often due to perceived rowdy behavior compared to girls.

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Overrepresentation of boys in special education

Boys being disproportionately represented in special education programs.

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Mislabeling boys' behavior

The possibility that boys' behavioral difficulties are misdiagnosed as learning disabilities by school staff.

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Consequences of discipline

Negative long-term effects of punishment, particularly school suspension, on boys’ academic performance, graduation rates, and future employment prospects.

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Study Notes

Gender Inequality in 2017

  • In 2017, only 5.4% of Fortune 500 CEOs were women.

Learning Objectives

  • Understand how biological factors, sociocultural influences, and their interaction shape differences between men and women.
  • Recognize and compare various theories of gender inequality, including feminist theories of gender equality.
  • Understand how gender differences are embedded in various social institutions like the workplace, family, education system.
  • Analyze why gender inequality persists, considering sex segregation, pay gaps, family leave policies, and other related issues.

Research on Gender Today

  • Women hold 44% of employee positions in S&P 500 firms, yet only 20% of board seats and 9.5% of top earners.
  • Discrimination in hiring and promotion is often subtle and hard to prove.

Women in Business

  • Women have made significant progress in education, politics, and the workplace.
  • High-profile women leaders like Safra Catz and Mary Barra have achieved prominent roles.
  • A significant number of Ivy League universities were led by women presidents in 2017.
  • Despite advancements, women remain underrepresented in leadership positions across various sectors.

Discrimination

  • Women face various forms of discrimination in the workplace, ranging from overt to subtle practices.
  • Laws like the 1964 Civil Rights Act provide legal recourse against discrimination based on gender.
  • Discrimination includes “mommy-tracking”, where women are denied advancement upon starting a family.
  • Women are often subject to sexist language, exclusion from advancement opportunities, and biased treatment.
  • Gender discrimination cases have been filed against prominent firms like Goldman Sachs, Wells Fargo, Deutsche Bank, and others.

Gender Socialization

  • Gender socialization is the process through which we learn about gender roles and expectations.
  • Learning about these roles occurs via agents like family, peers, schools, and the media.
  • Gender roles are not biologically determined but are socially constructed.
  • Social factors can encourage and reinforce certain behaviors or expectations for specific genders.
  • These learned behaviors can impact individuals' opportunities and experiences.
  • Gender roles vary by culture and time period, suggesting that societal values play a significant role.

Biological Influences

  • Biological factors play a role to some degree in influencing behavior and differences.
  • Studies demonstrate differences in hormonal makeup between men and women and their relationship to aggression.
  • However, the extent of biological influences on gender differences is a complex issue, often intertwined with social factors.

Gender Differences in Education

  • Girls and boys often receive different treatment and encouragement from teachers, creating inequalities.
  • Boys may be more actively challenged, pushing them to find solutions, while girls may simply be given an answer.
  • Mislabeling of boys' behavioral problems as learning disabilities and lack of appropriate support for girls can have broader impacts, impacting future academic and career choices.

Gendered Inequality in the Workplace

  • Women are disproportionately represented in lower-paying occupations.
  • Women experience the "glass ceiling," a promotion barrier that prevents upward mobility in male-dominated fields.
  • The phenomenon of the "glass escalator" exists, where men who work in female-dominated occupations often quickly rise through the ranks.

Gendered Inequalities in Families

  • Women often disproportionately bear the burden of household duties-child care, cleaning, and other tasks.
  • Many factors influence this disparity, including societal expectations regarding gender roles, economic contributions of each partner, and time constraints.
  • This disparity can result in financial and social disadvantages for women, hindering their career progression.

Gendered Inequality in Politics

  • Women's representation in political positions remains below their demographic percentage in many countries.
  • They face challenges in the workplace-housework, childcare, career, and societal expectations-that often limit their ability to gain and maintain political office.
  • Despite these challenges, women have made notable progress in politics in many nations.

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Gender Inequality: A Sociological Perspective PDF

Description

This quiz examines the state of gender inequality in 2017, focusing on women's representation in leadership roles within Fortune 500 companies and other sectors. It covers biological, sociocultural factors, and various theories related to gender inequality, highlighting persistent issues like pay gaps and discrimination in the workplace.

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