79 Questions
Which component of the anxiety symptom complex is used to classify different anxiety disorders in the DSM-5-TR?
Panic attack
How quickly does a panic attack progress to its peak after onset?
Within 10 minutes
What is a common feeling experienced by individuals undergoing a panic attack?
Intense discomfort
At what age is it relatively rare for children to experience panic attacks?
During puberty
In the general adult population, what is the approximate 12-month prevalence of panic attacks according to the American Psychiatric Association?
1 in 9
Which statement about panic attacks is true?
"Nervous breakdown" is a term sometimes used to describe the experience of a panic attack.
Which anxiety disorders involve panic attacks associated with particular stimuli, like blood or public attention?
Social phobias
What role do panic attacks play in diagnosing anxiety disorders?
They play a role depending on how they are experienced.
What percentage of patients who completed therapy for panic disorder improved according to a meta-analysis?
63%
Which therapeutic approach typically involves exposure to feared stimuli in the treatment of panic disorder?
Behavioral and cognitive-behavioral therapies
Which combination of treatment methods for panic disorder is reported to increase the relapse rate?
CBT with imipramine
What is the goal of behavioral and cognitive-behavioral therapies for panic disorder?
Extinguishing the anxiety response and catastrophic expectations
Which therapy has been used effectively in treating panic disorder by promoting psychological flexibility?
Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)
Which therapy for panic disorder involves noticing and accepting anxiety without struggle?
Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)
What is a distinguishing feature of panic disorder according to the text?
Panic attacks are unexpected and occur without a cue
Why do people who experience panic attacks, especially unexpected ones, live in fear of having another attack?
Because they may occur 'out of the blue' without any warning
What did the DSM-IV improve in the diagnosis of anxiety disorders according to the text?
Showed high reliability for panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder
Why were the field trials of DSM-5 for generalized anxiety disorder disappointing?
Due to a low kappa value of only .20
What did Weich et al. (1998) find regarding gender differences in the prevalence of anxiety disorders?
The type of social roles does not explain the prevalence differences
What is one possible explanation for the higher prevalence of anxiety disorders among females as mentioned in the text?
Females are differentially subjected to more frequent traumas like sexual abuse
According to Anne Campbell (1999), why might women be more prone to experiencing fear and anxiety?
To avoid dangerous situations and direct conflicts for offspring survival
Why might men be overrepresented in disorders related to sexual behavior and physical aggression?
'Men benefit reproductively from successful battles over resources'
According to the cognitive models mentioned in the text, what may a susceptible individual misinterpret as the early signs of a panic attack?
Increased heart rate
Which type of individuals have an increased risk of developing panic disorder, as per the text?
Individuals with asthma
According to Bouton et al., what model more readily accounts for both the challenge study outcomes and cognitive misinterpretations in panic disorder?
Conditioning model
Which class of medications has been used effectively in treating panic disorder without the risk of dependence mentioned in the text?
Antidepressants (SSRIs and SNRIs)
What psychological vulnerability, according to Teachman et al. (2021), may mediate the likelihood of cueing a panic attack through biological challenge?
Respiratory hypersensitivity
What do psychodynamic models of panic disorder emphasize as critical to its development?
Internal conflicts
What are some potential side effects experienced by most patients after discontinuing benzodiazepines for panic disorder treatment, as per the text?
'Rebound effect' involving increased anxiety
What is a key characteristic of panic disorder?
Behavioral changes to avoid another attack
In panic disorder, what might sufferers commonly do in response to mild physical symptoms?
Expect the symptoms to progress into catastrophic events
What is a possible biological factor that may contribute to the development of panic disorder?
Genetic predisposition
What is a common comorbid problem that individuals with panic disorder may experience?
Generalized anxiety disorder
What is the median age of onset for panic disorder in the United States?
20-24 years
What is the gender ratio in the prevalence of panic disorder?
2:1 (women:men)
Which racial/ethnic group has higher rates of panic disorder based on the text?
American Indians and non-Latino Whites
'Nocturnal panic attacks' refer to panic attacks that occur when?
Upon waking from sleep
What is the approximate 12-month prevalence of panic attacks among adults in the general population?
1 in 9
When is it relatively rare for children to experience panic attacks according to the text?
Before puberty
What is a common perception of individuals undergoing a panic attack?
Feeling like they are dying
What plays a role in several anxiety disorders depending on how they are experienced?
Panic attacks
At what age do panic attacks become much more common among adults in the general population?
In adolescence
Which group has a higher rate of panic disorder according to the text?
White individuals
What percentage of patients who completed therapy for panic disorder improved according to the meta-analysis cited?
63%
Which therapeutic approach is reported to be more effective and less prone to relapse than pharmacological methods for treating panic disorder?
Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)
What did Gloster et al. (2015) provide treatment-resistant panic disorder patients with in their study?
Eight sessions of ACT
What is the typical goal of exposure in behavioral and cognitive-behavioral therapies for panic disorder?
To extinguish the anxiety response
What did Barlow et al. (2000) find regarding the combination of imipramine and CBT for panic disorder treatment?
It increases relapse rate
What did Westen & Morrison's (2001) meta-analysis report about patients who completed psychotherapy for panic disorder?
63% improved, and up to 54% remained improved after 2 years
What did the DSM-IV improve in terms of anxiety disorder diagnoses, according to the text?
Reliability of diagnosis for all anxiety disorders
What is a possible explanation for the higher prevalence of anxiety disorders among females?
Type of traumatic events experienced
What is one possible reason males may be overrepresented in disorders related to sexual behavior and physical aggression, according to the text?
Differential parental investment during reproduction
Why might natural selection favor females who experience fear and anxiety more, according to Anne Campbell (1999)?
To avoid dangerous situations that could harm offspring
What does the text suggest as a possible reason for females being more prone to fear and anxiety compared to males?
Biological differences in stress response
What did Weich et al. (1998) not find support for regarding gender differences in prevalence of anxiety disorders?
The impact of social roles on prevalence rates
What might be a plausible explanation for persistent differences in prevalence rates of anxiety disorders between males and females?
"Biased application of diagnostic labels"
"Females must carry a pregnancy, nurse the child, and usually invest years into raising offspring" is used in the text to support which evolutionary theory?
"Differential parental investment during reproduction"
"The death of the mother results in a much greater risk of infant mortality than the death of the father" supports which evolutionary argument from Anne Campbell (1999)?
"Female predisposition to fear and anxiety"
"Males benefit reproductively from multiple partners and from successful battles over resources and access to females" is used in the text to explain what regarding male behavior?
"Evolutionary advantage related to reproduction"
What biological vulnerability is proposed as a risk factor for panic disorder?
Respiratory hypersensitivity
What is a significant difference between benzodiazepines and SSRIs/SNRIs in treating panic disorder, as mentioned in the text?
Benzodiazepines have higher risk of dependence
How do cognitive models explain the development of panic disorder?
By proposing catastrophic misinterpretations of physiological sensations
What is a common exteroceptive cue that may precede a panic attack in individuals with panic disorder?
Crowds or social situations
Which model proposed by Bouton et al. is highlighted in the text as more readily accounting for challenge study outcomes and cognitive misinterpretations in panic disorder?
Conditioning model
What role does anxiety play in the development of panic disorder, according to the text?
Anxiety is conditioned by early cues and predicts panic symptoms
What is suggested as a risk factor for panic disorder based on individuals' beliefs about outcomes?
Believing outcomes are uncontrollable
From a psychodynamic perspective, what is emphasized as critical to the development of panic disorder?
Internal conflicts
What is a proposed explanation for the relapse experienced by most patients after discontinuing benzodiazepines for panic disorder treatment?
'Rebound effect'
What has been used effectively in treating panic disorder without the risk of dependence associated with benzodiazepines as per the text?
Antidepressant medications
What is suggested as a possible biological hypothesis for the development of panic disorder?
Low GABA activity in some parts of the cortex
What age range typically experiences the median onset of panic disorder in the United States?
20-24 years
Which neurotransmitter is mentioned as inhibiting anxiety and found to be low in individuals with panic disorder?
GABA
What is a common maladaptive change in behavior observed in individuals with panic disorder?
Avoiding certain activities and responsibilities
What ethnic groups have higher rates of panic disorder based on the information provided?
American Indians and Non-Latino Whites
What is a potential reason for the different prevalence rates of panic disorder among men based on the text?
Higher prevalence among gay and bisexual individuals
What behavioral changes might individuals with panic disorder adopt to reduce the chance of another attack?
Avoiding certain activities and responsibilities
What is known to run in families and increases the risk of developing panic disorder?
Anxiety, depressive, and bipolar disorders
What is a common comorbid problem that individuals with panic disorder may experience?
Illness anxiety disorder
What is the reported prevalence range of panic disorder in the general population at some point in life?
4%–5%
Explore the consistent reporting of gender differences in prevalence of mental disorders since DSM-III. Learn about panic disorder characterized by recurrent, spontaneous, and unexpected panic attacks, along with anxiety about future attacks and their consequences.
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