Gender Bias in Psychology

The belief that your own culture is the benchmark for 'normal' and superior to others.

Exaggerating or maximizing gender differences, leading to the belief that genders are distinct, and often devaluing women in relation to men.

Minimizing differences between genders and ignoring key differences, overlooking possible gender variations.

When differences between genders are reduced, and equality is emphasized, potentially ignoring legitimate differences.

A characteristic of human beings that applies to everyone, regardless of differences in experience or upbringing.

When normal behavior is judged according to a male standard.

Unconscious bias when studying other cultures, applying one's own cultural understanding.

Misrepresenting behavior due to unconscious biases in research.

A type of bias in psychological research that arises when studies are conducted in a way that overemphasizes or ignores gender differences.

Freud's theory that women are a less developed version of men, suggesting that femininity is a failed masculinity.

The biological response to stress that involves aggression or escape.

The biological response to stress that involves nurturing and seeking social support.

A type of research bias that arises when researchers fail to consider how cultural differences might affect their findings.

A research approach that focuses on the universal aspects of behavior observed across different cultures.

A research approach that focuses on the unique aspects of behavior within a specific culture.

The idea that moral and ethical norms vary between cultures and should be understood within their own context.

A field of psychology that emphasizes the understanding of how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are shaped by their cultural experiences.

A study of conformity conducted by Solomon Asch, often criticized for its potential cultural bias.

A study of mate preferences conducted by David Buss, demonstrating the importance of considering cultural influences in psychological research.

The idea that people have control over their own behavior, choices, and actions.

The belief that all behavior is determined by internal or external forces beyond our control.

The concept that behavior is limited by internal and external factors, but some degree of free will still exists.

The view that all behavior is entirely determined by external forces, with no free will.

The idea that free will is an illusion and behaviors arise from unconscious drives and childhood experiences.

The view that behavior is shaped by past experiences and learned associations.

The belief that all behavior is determined by genetic factors and biological processes.

A theory that suggests psychological phenomena should be understood by considering the whole of an experience, not just its parts.

A method of explaining phenomena by breaking them down into their basic components.

A way of explaining behavior by examining the influence of social expectations and cultural norms.

A level of explanation that focuses on cognitive processes, learning, and psychodynamic theories.

A level of explanation that focuses on brain structure, neurotransmitters, and genes.

A scientific approach that emphasizes finding cause and effect relationships in order to predict and control phenomena.

The idea that depression can be influenced by both genetic predisposition (biological) and environmental factors.

The concept that behavior can be understood by examining the connection between a stimulus and response.

The extent to which our behaviour is determined by innate qualities (nature) versus environmental factors (nurture).

The idea that our characteristics are inborn, determined by our genes and inherited from our parents. This is linked to the biological approach in psychology.

The view that our behavior is shaped by our experiences and the environment we grow up in. This is associated with the behaviourist approach.

A perspective that acknowledges the contributions of both nature and nurture in shaping our behaviour. This is the most widely accepted view in psychology.

A model suggesting that a genetic predisposition (diathesis) can be triggered by environmental stressors, leading to a specific trait or disorder.

Research method using identical twins (identical genes) and fraternal twins (different genes) to understand the relative influence of genetics and environment.

A statistical measure (from 0 to 1) indicating the extent to which a trait is influenced by genetic factors.

The range of environmental factors affecting development, from prenatal influences (like mother's health) to postnatal social conditions.

The study of how biological factors, such as genes and brain structures, influence our behaviours.

A school of thought emphasizing the role of learning and conditioning (classical and operant) in shaping behaviour.

A theory suggesting that social learning occurs through observing and imitating others, especially significant figures.

Cognitive Approach

A school of thought emphasizing unconscious processes, early childhood experiences, and the role of the unconscious mind in shaping behaviour.

A humanistic approach emphasizing individual growth, free will, and the importance of self-actualization.

A strong, nature-centric view can be problematic, leading to claims of inherent differences between groups, like the misuse of IQ tests in the past.

The idea that behaviour is solely a product of our environment and that we can be re-engineered or controlled through conditioning, as seen in some therapeutic practices and social control methods.

Focuses on understanding individuals as unique entities, emphasizing the richness of their personal experiences and perspectives.

Seeks to establish general laws and principles about human behavior, comparing individuals to larger groups and using data for prediction and control.

Data derived from qualitative methods, such as case studies and interviews, providing in-depth understanding of individual experiences and perspectives.

Data derived from quantitative methods, such as questionnaires and experiments, yielding numerical data that can be statistically analyzed.

A principled guide for psychologists to conduct research ethically and responsibly.

Conflicts that arise when the rights of participants clash with the goals of research.

The potential impact and consequences of research on participants and the groups they represent.

Research that may have significant social consequences for participants or the groups they represent.

Sieber and Stanley (1988) suggest researchers consider the potential consequences of their work at various stages of the research process.

Avoiding controversial topics in research might seem responsible, but it hinders understanding of important societal issues.