Gender and Sports: A Historical Analysis

• This study paper discusses social processes in sports, dual careers, gender gaps, and the impact of climate change on winter sports.

Historical Discrimination of Women in Sports

• Historically, women faced discrimination in sports through exclusion and selection processes
• Societal expectations and ideals regarding morality and body image played a role, using sports to reinforce gender roles
• Turnvereine movements focused on training men for the military, while women were only allowed "gentle" gymnastics
• Women were often limited to sports emphasizing beauty and grace (e.g., figure skating, gymnastics), while strength and endurance sports were reserved for men
• Pseudo-science excluded women from many sports by deeming them physically too "weak"
• Women were not allowed to participate in the OG 1896
• Women's sports were considered "health hazards."
• In the 1920s, women's participation in long-distance running was controversial, deemed "unfeminine" and "unhealthy"
• Running the 800-meter run was banned for women and lifted in 1960.
• During the event of the run, women were exhausted.
• Clothing rules were mandated by men
• WR brought more equality due to health and posture ideals and dual employment, but the NS ideology caused a setback
• From 1945 onward, women's sports were enshrined in the Basic Law as an increasing number of female athletes and gender pay gap
• There were limited possibilities for network effects, superstar creation, and increased consumer capital.
• Women were systematically excluded from competitions or admitted to specified, acceptable sports, leading to a significant delay in the development of women's sports

Effects and Current Disadvantages in Modern Sports

• Stereotypes and prejudices are challenged in historically and hierarchically evolved situations
• There is continuing criticism toward "masculine" female athletes, especially in male-dominated sports, resulting in significant disadvantages
• Norms and legislations are changing
• The sports industry lacks sufficient data on female athletes
• The incident that caused Megan Rapinoe to tear her anterior cruciate ligament was due to poor conditions common among women
• There are inequalities regarding the travel support and salaries
• Woman soccer player makes $1,350, where a man earn $17,000 per game
• Woman's World Cup make $110 million revenue, while the man's made $440 million
• There is less participation of young girls in sports; the lack of female participation is higher among migrant girls, also the more religious the parents are

Gender, Leadership, and Media Gaps

• There is a lack of women in leadership roles in athletics and sports organizations
• There are higher authority figures in Sports Organizations that are held by men, resulting in structural disadvantages
• Women are less seen in media reports, or they are frequently portrayed in secondary supporting roles
• Performance of male athletes is highlighted more often, while the woman's is not
• Sports reporting focused on women is limited to a low amount despite the increase to the overall performance
• The discrimination against women continues to take effect in sports which highlights: unequal pay, gender sports, less visibility, and representation

Progress, Ongoing Challenges, and Achievements

• Women are represented in every sector of the Olympic games

Pay gaps

• The women's national soccer team demands fair pay similar rates as the male teams
• The closure of the gender sports gap is difficult
• There are many issues that cause sport consumption and a saturated market
• The male and female sports positions need to be highlighted more often
• Access to women is harder to get compared to male sports positions.

Sources

• Sources confirm the history of sport is based on prejudice and misogyny
• There is no historical exclusion/restriction on women. Sports are associated with femininity.
• Gender is still present
• The sources address the main topic, gender pay and equality

Debate and Concepts

• This debate focuses on what is perceived correctly, the practical application, and the marketability towards female sports
• What's perceived vs. practical vs potential are the topics of the debate
• Is equal opportunity a realistic thing? Both equality and economic prosperity a way to ensure fair practice

(Performance-) Justice, Feasibility, Potential

• All genders should make the same amount of money for equal effort
• Performance Based: Salary based on an individual's performance, not their gender
• Equity due to past disadvantage
• Equal compensation regardless of market and fan
• Many national soccer players advocate for better monetary compensation

Market & Performance-Driven

• More views and higher sponsorship
• Earnings are impacted by view count and endorsement contracts
• Women in sport generally have lower media presence
• The structure of male vs female play in the athletic games differs too much (5 sets vs best of 3)
• The amount and strength used to fight justifies compensation

Fairness: Athletic Effort or Financial Guidelines = Guaranteed Compensation?

• What's more accurate, guaranteed performance and compensation by gender?
• Budget equality
• The market is not at its full potential due to history

Women's sports

• The sport needs to grow to be equal
• Sports are currently confined to traditional ways
• Limited marketing
• They also lack full exposure or sponsors

Low Numbers

• Most female sports are considered a gimmick, while male ones are established
• The gender pay gap is just an expression when the view numbers are so low
• Is funding either the cause or something hindering the sport

Summarization

• Gender is an easy and central topic that branches into each sphere
• This study discusses economic prosperity that can influence the gender gap and more

Gender Media Gap

• A type of gender marketing where a section of society needs more spotlight and a separate marketing campaign
• Athletes are less seen in the media
• Coverage is not the same for each gender
• Athlete depictions highlight different aspects
• Females are portrayed to be less than athletes
• Male groups are primarily targeted
• Female covers are quickly dissolved
• This causes athletes to be monetarily underfunded
• This causes a gender pay gap

Less Money in Sports

• Women also benefit from advertisement
• It is important to be mindful, that equality may be more progressive. However, there are currently not enough facts or data

Lower Pay = Increased Pressure

• More improvement is required in sports and general practices
• Many females are forced to find an income to keep their careers afloat

Sexuality

• Sex sells because it is traditional

Self-Marketing

• Social media marketing
• Athlete's need for promotion
• Potential downsides
• Companies prefer better athletes
• Less pay=more on sports for women

Results of Gender Media Gaps & Pay

• Female athletes are more prone to social media for marketing
• Those who have a stable position in an organization have more structure

Involvement of Woman

• Women increase performance scores and the integration with women
• Promotes better relations

Closing a gender gap in sports is important to unions

• It helps strategically
• It can help attract more talent
• It has a more positive outlook on the sport, and better results can be achieved

Sport Education

• More self-esteem
• Those in female education can be at the same levels
• More positive environment
• Stereotypes are enforced more

Conclusions

• You can fix both the issues by being more aware