GATE Surveying Crash Course

Crash Course: Surveying

• This course helps students learn surveying quickly and efficiently, focusing on the GATE exam.
• It is beneficial for beginners and experienced learners, covering all key topics and emphasizing revision.

What is Surveying?

• Surveying is determining the relative positions of points on (or above/below) the Earth's surface.
• It uses linear and angular measurements to define these positions.

Key Terms:

• Relative Position: A point's location is referenced to another point.
• Linear Measurements: Distances (horizontal and vertical).
  • Horizontal Distance: Distance between points on the same plane.
  • Vertical Distance: Distance between points on different planes.
• Angular Measurements: Angles between lines or planes.

Surveying Importance in Civil Engineering

• Civil engineering projects (roads, buildings, etc.) rely on surveying.
• Surveying gathers site data for effective project planning, including:
  • Land size and shape
  • Feature locations and elevations
  • Construction layout

Course Overview

• This course covers fundamental surveying topics for the GATE exam.
• It focuses on understanding concepts and application, including:
  • Definitions and classifications of surveying
  • Principles and objectives of surveying
  • Divisions of surveying
  • Surveying operations
  • Basic surveying tools and techniques
  • Linear measurements
  • Angular measurements
  • Surveying applications in civil engineering

Course Structure

• Chapters include:
  • Fundamentals of Surveying
  • Linear Measurements
  • Compass Surveying
  • Traverse Surveying
  • Levelling and Contouring
  • Plane Table Surveying
  • Survey Computations (area and volume)
  • Basics of GPS and Remote Sensing
• Classes are Monday-Friday, 6:32 PM-8:30 PM.
• Entire course completed by December 31st.

Tips for Success

• Attend all classes.
• Review notes thoroughly.
• Practice with GATE exam questions and other resources.
• Consider enrolling in a test series.

Angular Measurement

• Angular measurement is determining angles.
• Types: horizontal and vertical.
• Horizontal angles are between lines on the same plane.
• Vertical angles are between lines on different planes.

Types of Surveying

• Plane Survey: Neglects Earth's curvature; suitable for small areas (up to 12 km). Difference between curved and horizontal lengths is minimal (8-10 meters).
• Geodetic Survey: Considers Earth's curvature; used for larger areas where curvature is significant.

Classification of Surveying

• Based on Place of Survey:
  • Land Surveying: Land boundaries, features, and elevations.
  • Hydrographic Surveying: Water bodies (depths, currents, obstacles).
  • Marine Surveying: Coastal and offshore areas (similar to hydrographic).
• Based on Instruments:
  • Chain Surveying: Measuring distances with chain/tape.
  • Tape Surveying: More accurate distance measurements.
  • Compass Surveying: Bearings and angles with a compass.
  • Plane Table Surveying: Plotting features directly with a plane table and alidade.
  • Level Surveying: Determining elevations with a level instrument.
• Based on Purpose/Objective:
  • Topographic Surveying: Elevations and positions of features.
  • City Surveying: City infrastructure mapping (roads, water, sewage).
  • Route Surveying: Road/rail/pipeline routes.
  • Cadastral Surveying: Property boundaries, legal maps.
  • Archaeological Surveying: Archaeological site investigation.
  • Geological Surveying: Geological features, minerals, and rocks.
  • Astronomical Surveying: Celestial body positions.
• Based on Method:
  • Traversing: Connecting points with measured lines/bearings.
  • Triangulation: Establishing triangles for distance calculations.
  • Trigonometrical Surveying: Extensive trigonometry for distance/elevation calculations.

Principles of Surveying

• Whole to Part: Precisely define the entire area initially (control points), then survey details. Improves error control/cross-checking.
• Part to Whole: Surveying smaller sections first; less accurate with potential error accumulation.
• Recommended approach: "Whole to Part" for accuracy.

Plumb Line and Direction of Gravity

• A plumb line (gravity line) points towards Earth's center.
• Plane surveying: Considers plumb lines parallel.
• Geodetic surveying: Plumb lines converge at Earth's center.

Principles of Surveying (continued)

• Second Principle: Independent measurements.
• Independent Measurements: Separate measurements not reliant on each other.
  • Examples: Two linear, two angular, or one linear-one angular.
  • Importance: If one has an error, it does not influence independent ones.

Objective of Surveying

• Main aim: Accurate plans and maps (features/characteristics).
• Plan: Future design for a construction.
• Map: Graphical representation of a geographic area.
• Example: Campus map details using accurate measurements.
• Process: Defining ground points; transferring them to a drawing.
• Result: Detailed plan or map using collected data.

Operations in Surveying

• To create a Plan or Map:
  • Planning: Determine surveying tools, methods, resources, accuracy.
  • Field Measurements: Collect data (linear/angular) using instruments.
  • Data Processing and Plotting: Convert data into maps/plans by calculations/plotting.

This quiz will enhance your understanding of key surveying concepts essential for GATE exam preparation. It covers important terminology and principles, making it suitable for both beginners and those looking to revise. Test your knowledge and get ready to excel in surveying!