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Questions and Answers
What type of genome does Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) possess?
What type of genome does Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) possess?
Which viral family includes the Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus?
Which viral family includes the Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus?
Which disease is primarily caused by Rotavirus in animals?
Which disease is primarily caused by Rotavirus in animals?
What is the approximate genome size of BVDV?
What is the approximate genome size of BVDV?
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What mode of transmission is primarily associated with BVDV?
What mode of transmission is primarily associated with BVDV?
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Which characteristic is true for viruses belonging to the Coronaviridae family?
Which characteristic is true for viruses belonging to the Coronaviridae family?
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Which of the following is a common clinical sign associated with gastrointestinal viral diseases?
Which of the following is a common clinical sign associated with gastrointestinal viral diseases?
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What is a key control measure to manage BVDV infections in cattle?
What is a key control measure to manage BVDV infections in cattle?
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What is one of the primary economic impacts of BVDV on cattle?
What is one of the primary economic impacts of BVDV on cattle?
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Which clinical sign is NOT typically associated with acute infections of BVDV in non-pregnant animals?
Which clinical sign is NOT typically associated with acute infections of BVDV in non-pregnant animals?
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What is the primary method of BVDV transmission from one animal to another?
What is the primary method of BVDV transmission from one animal to another?
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How can vertical transmission of BVDV affect pregnant cows?
How can vertical transmission of BVDV affect pregnant cows?
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What distinguishes mucosal disease from typical BVD?
What distinguishes mucosal disease from typical BVD?
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What is a common clinical manifestation in persistently infected calves with BVDV?
What is a common clinical manifestation in persistently infected calves with BVDV?
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What is the main cause of persistent infections in calves with Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD)?
What is the main cause of persistent infections in calves with Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD)?
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What is a major pathological finding associated with mucosal disease in affected animals?
What is a major pathological finding associated with mucosal disease in affected animals?
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Why is timing of infection important in pregnant cows regarding BVDV?
Why is timing of infection important in pregnant cows regarding BVDV?
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Which diagnostic method is NOT commonly used for detecting active BVD infection?
Which diagnostic method is NOT commonly used for detecting active BVD infection?
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What is the major consequence of a PI (persistently infected) animal being superinfected with a cytopathic virus?
What is the major consequence of a PI (persistently infected) animal being superinfected with a cytopathic virus?
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What are effective strategies to control the spread of BVDV?
What are effective strategies to control the spread of BVDV?
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What is a common characteristic of rotavirus?
What is a common characteristic of rotavirus?
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What clinical sign indicates that an animal might have developed immune suppression due to BVDV?
What clinical sign indicates that an animal might have developed immune suppression due to BVDV?
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Which type of agent is responsible for the pathogenesis of mucosal disease?
Which type of agent is responsible for the pathogenesis of mucosal disease?
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Which symptom is typically associated with the infection of calves by rotavirus?
Which symptom is typically associated with the infection of calves by rotavirus?
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What can be a consequence for calves born after infection occurs between 30-120 days of gestation?
What can be a consequence for calves born after infection occurs between 30-120 days of gestation?
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What is one of the primary control measures for Bovine Coronavirus (BCoV)?
What is one of the primary control measures for Bovine Coronavirus (BCoV)?
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What can acute infections of BVDV lead to in non-pregnant animals?
What can acute infections of BVDV lead to in non-pregnant animals?
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What is the typical duration of virus shedding in calves infected with BCoV?
What is the typical duration of virus shedding in calves infected with BCoV?
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Which symptom is characteristic of severe clinical presentation in mucosal disease?
Which symptom is characteristic of severe clinical presentation in mucosal disease?
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In addition to diarrhea, BCoV infections in calves can present with which other symptom?
In addition to diarrhea, BCoV infections in calves can present with which other symptom?
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Which of the following is TRUE about the coronaviruses?
Which of the following is TRUE about the coronaviruses?
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What diagnostic technique is commonly used for BCoV that is similar to methods used for detecting rotavirus?
What diagnostic technique is commonly used for BCoV that is similar to methods used for detecting rotavirus?
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What clinical sign is typically seen in adult cattle suffering from winter dysentery due to BCoV?
What clinical sign is typically seen in adult cattle suffering from winter dysentery due to BCoV?
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What treatment approach is essential for managing diarrhea in young animals caused by rotavirus?
What treatment approach is essential for managing diarrhea in young animals caused by rotavirus?
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Which of the following statements about immunity in herds regarding BVD is accurate?
Which of the following statements about immunity in herds regarding BVD is accurate?
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How does BCoV primarily affect the gastrointestinal tract?
How does BCoV primarily affect the gastrointestinal tract?
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What is the primary route of transmission for Transmissible Gastroenteritis (TGE)?
What is the primary route of transmission for Transmissible Gastroenteritis (TGE)?
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What characterizes the genome of the TGE virus?
What characterizes the genome of the TGE virus?
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Which of the following has the highest mortality rate due to TGE?
Which of the following has the highest mortality rate due to TGE?
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What is a common clinical sign of TGE in pigs?
What is a common clinical sign of TGE in pigs?
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What is the impact of environmental temperature on the prevalence of TGE?
What is the impact of environmental temperature on the prevalence of TGE?
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How is Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Syndrome (PEDS) diagnosed?
How is Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Syndrome (PEDS) diagnosed?
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What type of coronavirus causes Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Syndrome?
What type of coronavirus causes Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Syndrome?
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What long-term strategy is recommended to control TGE outbreaks?
What long-term strategy is recommended to control TGE outbreaks?
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Which of the following coronaviruses is considered milder compared to TGE and PEDS?
Which of the following coronaviruses is considered milder compared to TGE and PEDS?
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What method is effective for eradicating TGE from infected herds?
What method is effective for eradicating TGE from infected herds?
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What role do maternal antibodies play in the susceptibility of young pigs to coronaviruses?
What role do maternal antibodies play in the susceptibility of young pigs to coronaviruses?
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What is a critical component of supportive care for pigs infected with TGE?
What is a critical component of supportive care for pigs infected with TGE?
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When were highly virulent strains of PEDS first observed in the US?
When were highly virulent strains of PEDS first observed in the US?
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What is the approximate genome size of Porcine Delta Coronavirus?
What is the approximate genome size of Porcine Delta Coronavirus?
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What are the two main syndromes caused by Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV)?
What are the two main syndromes caused by Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV)?
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How does Bovine Coronavirus primarily affect the gastrointestinal tract?
How does Bovine Coronavirus primarily affect the gastrointestinal tract?
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Why is immunotolerance significant in persistently infected calves with BVDV?
Why is immunotolerance significant in persistently infected calves with BVDV?
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What role does environmental persistence of Bovine Coronavirus play in its transmission?
What role does environmental persistence of Bovine Coronavirus play in its transmission?
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What is a significant impact of Rotavirus on young farm animals?
What is a significant impact of Rotavirus on young farm animals?
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What is the main benefit of vaccinating cows against Bovine Viral Diarrhea?
What is the main benefit of vaccinating cows against Bovine Viral Diarrhea?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding the incubation period for Porcine epidemic diarrhea syndrome (PEDS)?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the incubation period for Porcine epidemic diarrhea syndrome (PEDS)?
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What is the primary mode of action of Rotavirus on the gastrointestinal tract?
What is the primary mode of action of Rotavirus on the gastrointestinal tract?
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Which of the following accurately describes the characteristics of Bovine coronavirus?
Which of the following accurately describes the characteristics of Bovine coronavirus?
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What distinguishes Mucosal Disease from Bovine Viral Diarrhea in terms of infection nature?
What distinguishes Mucosal Disease from Bovine Viral Diarrhea in terms of infection nature?
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Study Notes
Gastrointestinal Viral Diseases Overview
- Gastrointestinal viruses are classified into various families, each affecting different species and causing specific diseases.
- Understanding the viral structure and replication process is essential for developing effective vaccines and treatments.
- The presence of neutralizing antibodies is critical for controlling BVDV infections.
Bovine Viral Diarrhea and Mucosal Disease
- Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a +ssRNA virus, enveloped, and belongs to the Flaviviridae family.
- BVDV is economically significant due to its widespread impact on cattle health and productivity.
- BVDV can infect a range of hooved animals, including goats, sheep, and pigs.
- Two distinct syndromes: Bovine viral diarrhea (acute) and mucosal disease (chronic).
- Effective vaccination and biosecurity measures are essential to control the spread of BVDV.
Pathogenesis and Transmission of BVD
- BVDV transmission occurs horizontally through exposure to body fluids of persistently infected animals, including direct contact and aerosol transmission.
- Vertical transmission can occur transplacentally, affecting the fetus during pregnancy.
- Acute infections typically result in transient symptoms, while chronic infections can lead to persistent viral shedding and immunotolerance in calves.
- The pathogenesis involves replication in the nasal mucosa and tonsils, spreading to lymph nodes and the bloodstream, affecting lymphoid tissues and intestines.
- Clinical signs in non-pregnant animals include fever, leukopenia, diarrhea, and potential secondary infections due to immune suppression.
Clinical Manifestations of BVDV
- Acute transient infections often present with mild symptoms, particularly in young animals after maternal antibodies wane.
- Symptoms include fever, leukopenia, mild to explosive diarrhea, and decreased milk production.
- Immune suppression can lead to increased susceptibility to secondary infections, particularly respiratory and gastrointestinal.
- Transplacental infection can lead to severe outcomes depending on the gestational stage at which the infection occurs.
- Persistently infected calves are immunotolerant to the virus and shed virus without developing antibodies.
Mucosal Disease in BVDV
- Mucosal disease occurs only in persistently infected animals and presents with more severe clinical features than typical bovine viral diarrhea.
- Symptoms include fever, anorexia, profuse watery diarrhea, and severe erosive or ulcerative stomatitis, leading to dehydration and emaciation.
- The rapid progression of the disease often leads to death within two weeks.
Pathogenesis of Mucosal Disease
- Mucosal disease results from a noncytopathic strain persisting in utero and a cytopathic strain that emerges postnatally due to mutation or infection.
- The cytopathic BVDV damages the gastrointestinal epithelium, leading to fluid leakage, diarrhea, and dehydration.
- The damaged epithelial barrier increases susceptibility to secondary infections and septicemia.
Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD)
- BVD is caused by a pestivirus, leading to persistent infections in calves that are born antibody negative.
- Persistently infected (PI) animals shed large amounts of virus throughout their lives.
- If the non-cytopathic (ncp) virus mutates into a cytopathic (cp) biotype or if a PI animal is superinfected with a related cp virus, it can lead to lethal mucosal disease.
Diagnosis and Immunity of BVD
- Diagnosis methods include antigen ELISA for active infection detection, PCR, and virus isolation.
- Antibody ELISA is used to determine if animals have been exposed or vaccinated.
- Immunity can develop in herds, with sporadic losses in immune herds and major losses in non-immune herds upon exposure.
Control and Treatment of BVD
- Key control measures include testing and removing persistently infected animals to reduce virus reservoirs.
- Vaccination with attenuated virus vaccines is recommended to prevent reinfection.
- Implementing farm biosecurity measures and quarantine protocols is essential for controlling BVD.
Rotavirus
- Rotavirus is a major cause of diarrhea in young animals, particularly in intensively reared species like calves, piglets, and foals.
- It belongs to the Reoviridae family, characterized by a linear segmented dsRNA genome.
Pathogenesis of Rotavirus
- Direct mechanisms include infection of mature villus tip enterocytes, leading to villi blunting and reduced digestive enzyme activity.
- Indirect mechanisms involve osmotic dysregulation and malabsorption due to villus atrophy.
- Neonates are particularly susceptible due to slower epithelial cell turnover and immature immune responses.
Clinical Signs and Diagnosis of Rotavirus
- Clinical signs in calves include soft to liquid feces with mucus, risk of dehydration, and secondary bacterial infections.
- Diagnosis can be made through fecal ELISA, PCR, and electron microscopy, although isolating the virus in cell culture is challenging.
Bovine Coronavirus (BCoV)
- BCoV is a member of the Coronaviridae family, causing three clinical syndromes: calf diarrhea, winter dysentery in adults, and respiratory disease across all ages.
- The virus is enveloped, with a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome.
Transmission and Control of BCoV
- Calves can shed the virus for days to weeks, while adult carriers may shed without showing clinical signs.
- Transmission occurs via aerosol or direct contact with feces and respiratory secretions.
- Control measures include proper feed and manure management to reduce risk factors for transmission.
Clinical Signs of BCoV
- Calf diarrhea typically occurs in calves less than 3 weeks old, presenting as profuse watery diarrhea for 4-5 days.
- Winter dysentery affects adults, characterized by hemorrhagic diarrhea and concurrent mild respiratory disease.
- Respiratory disease can manifest as pneumonia and fibrino-mucopurulent tracheitis.
Overview of Coronaviruses
- Coronaviruses are a family of viruses known for their crown-like appearance due to spike proteins on their surface.
- They are RNA viruses that can rapidly evolve, leading to new strains and variants.
Bovine Coronaviruses (BCoV)
- BCoV is involved in the bovine respiratory disease complex, commonly known as shipping fever.
- Clinical signs of BCoV infection can range from mild to severe pneumonia.
Pathogenesis of Bovine Coronavirus
- BCoV primarily targets epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract, leading to necrosis and reduced enzyme secretion.
- The infection results in stunted and fused villi, compensatory crypt hyperplasia, and increased fluid secretion.
Diagnosis and Clinical Signs of BCoV
- Diagnosis of BCoV can be achieved through virus isolation, PCR, and ELISA tests.
- Clinical signs include diarrhea, respiratory distress, and dehydration.
Treatment and Prevention of Bovine Coronavirus
- Supportive care includes administering fluids and electrolytes to combat dehydration.
- Antibiotics may be used to prevent or treat secondary bacterial infections.
- Vaccination strategies involve using modified live and inactivated vaccines to boost immunity in adult cows.
Porcine Enteric Coronaviruses
- Key porcine coronaviruses include Transmissible Gastroenteritis (TGE), Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Syndrome (PEDS), and Porcine Delta Coronavirus (PDCoV).
- Each virus is antigenically distinct, meaning there is no cross-protection between them.
- All porcine coronaviruses cause severe intestinal diseases, leading to watery diarrhea and high mortality rates in infected piglets.
Transmissible Gastroenteritis (TGE) Overview
- TGE virus (TGEV) belongs to the genus Alphacoronavirus, characterized by a 28.5Kb genome.
- Transmission occurs primarily through the fecal-oral route.
- The virus is enveloped.
Clinical Impact of TGE
- All age groups of pigs can be affected, but mortality rates are highest in piglets under 7 days old.
- Clinical signs include fever, decreased lactation, vomiting, inappetence, and diarrhea.
Pathogenesis of TGE
- TGEV primarily targets the jejunum and ileum, leading to destruction of apical enterocytes.
- The resulting villous atrophy decreases the absorptive area and digestive enzyme production.
Diagnosis and Treatment of TGE
- Diagnosis is typically confirmed through PCR, ELISA, or virus isolation.
- Supportive care includes administering fluids and electrolytes to affected animals, along with maintaining warmth to aid recovery.
Transmission and Control of TGE
- Outbreaks generally last 3-4 weeks, with virus shedding continuing for approximately 2 months.
- The introduction of νέα animals can lead to renewed susceptibility.
- TGE is more prevalent in winter months.
- Effective prevention strategies include maintaining a closed herd, implementing all-in all-out production systems, and ensuring thorough sanitation practices.
Managing Active Outbreaks of TGE
- Deliberate exposure of pregnant sows can help minimize the impact on the herd.
- Vaccination strategies are essential.
- Successful eradication involves depopulating infected herds, sanitizing facilities, and repopulating with TGEV-negative swine.
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Syndrome (PEDS)
- PEDS is caused by the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV).
- The disease was first observed in the UK in 1971.
- The introduction of PEDS resulted in a 10% mortality rate in the US herd.
Clinical Signs and Pathogenesis of PEDS
- In naïve herds, PEDS affects animals of all ages, but the severity of the disease is inversely proportional to age.
- Clinical signs include osmotic and malabsorptive diarrhea, similar to TGE.
Diagnosis and Treatment of PEDS
- Diagnosis is confirmed through PCR, ELISA, and virus isolation.
- Supportive care focuses on fluids and electrolytes.
- There is currently no vaccine available for PEDS.
Other Porcine Coronaviruses: Porcine Delta Coronavirus (PDCoV)
- PDCoV, classified under the genus Deltacoronavirus, was first identified in China in 2012.
- It is considered milder compared to TGE and PEDS.
- The genome of PDCoV is approximately 26Kb.
Swine Acute Diarrhea Syndrome (SADS)
- First detected in China in 2017
- Suspected origin: Bat to pig transmission
- Outbreaks in multiple Chinese provinces
- Characterized by diarrhea, weight loss, and high mortality rates
- Mortality rate up to 90% in piglets under 6 days old
- Classified under Alphacoronavirus genus
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV)
- Causes two distinct syndromes: Bovine Viral Diarrhea and Mucosal Disease
- Bovine Viral Diarrhea: Characterized by mild symptoms in susceptible animals, transient infection
- Mucosal Disease: Occurs in persistently infected cattle, severe condition, rapid mortality
- Persistently infected calves do not develop antibodies against the virus, leading to lifelong viral shedding
Rotavirus
- Targets mature villus tip enterocytes
- Causes villous atrophy and malabsorption
- Results in secretory diarrhea
Bovine Coronavirus
- Affects epithelial cells throughout the gastrointestinal tract
- Causes necrosis and fluid secretion
- Leads to malabsorptive diarrhea and extensive damage to the intestinal lining
- Can survive for several days at room temperature, facilitating transmission through aerosol and direct contact with feces
Rotavirus Impact on Farm Animals
- Significantly impacts young farm animals, particularly those under two months old
- Causes severe diarrhea and high mortality rates due to dehydration
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Control
- Vaccination is crucial for control
- Vaccination helps establish herd immunity and reduce the incidence of both acute and persistent infections
- Vaccinating cows boosts antibodies in colostrum, protecting calves from infection
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Description
This quiz covers essential information about gastrointestinal viral diseases, focusing on Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV). Participants will learn about the viral structure, transmission, and impact on cattle health. Understanding these factors is crucial for effective disease management and vaccine development.
