Gastrointestinal Tract Fluid Dynamics
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Questions and Answers

What is a common sign of dehydration in infants?

  • Increased tear production
  • Elastic skin turgor
  • Frequent urination
  • Sunken fontanel (correct)

Electrolyte levels should be monitored in patients who have experienced vomiting or suctioning.

True (A)

What is the recommended action if a patient shows signs of dehydration?

Provide oral rehydration therapy as tolerated.

The loss of acid due to vomiting or suctioning can lead to __________.

<p>metabolic alkalosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the symptoms or conditions with their associated electrolyte imbalances:

<p>Hypovolemia = Fluid volume deficit Metabolic alkalosis = Loss of acid from vomiting Hypokalemia = Potassium deficit Dehydration = Signs like dry mucous membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential cause of coffee-ground vomitus?

<p>Digested blood from slowly bleeding gastric or duodenal lesions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The lower esophageal sphincter completely relaxes during vomiting.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be monitored to understand the condition of vomiting in a patient?

<p>Character, amount, and frequency of vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

In cases of vomiting, __________ may indicate pyloric stenosis or increased intracranial pressure.

<p>projectile vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following interventions with their purpose:

<p>Maintain a patent airway = Prevent aspiration Position the child on the side = Reduce aspiration risk Monitor vomiting = Assess severity of condition Offer mouth care every 2 hours = Maintain oral hygiene</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is critical to replace when gastric suction or continuous drainage is ordered?

<p>Fluid and electrolytes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Weight loss is a symptom that should be explored during a vomiting assessment.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is important to inquire about regarding a female patient of childbearing age who presents with vomiting?

<p>Pregnancy status and contraceptive method</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms may indicate increased intracranial pressure?

<p>Projectile vomiting unaccompanied by nausea (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bile-stained vomitus is an indicator of an obstruction below the pylorus.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary area of the brain responsible for the vomiting reflex?

<p>medulla oblongata</p> Signup and view all the answers

The diaphragm and the abdominal muscles contract forcefully, increasing the __________ pressure.

<p>intragastric</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of vomitus with its likely cause:

<p>Bile-stained vomitus = Obstruction below the pylorus Bloody vomitus = Upper GI bleeding Brown vomitus with fecal odor = Intestinal obstruction or infarction Burning, bitter-tasting vomitus = Excessive hydrochloric acid in gastric contents</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions is NOT a step in the vomiting reflex?

<p>Inhaling deeply through the mouth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Constipation can lead to projectile vomiting.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should you be alert for in a patient with Central Nervous System (CNS) injury who exhibits vomiting?

<p>widened pulse pressure or bradycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of fecal matter is composed of fluid?

<p>75% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Diarrhea is characterized by a decrease in stool frequency and liquidity.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal fluid intake range for adults in milliliters?

<p>2400 – 2700 mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

The loss of hydrochloric hydrogen ions can lead to the development of ___________.

<p>metabolic alkalosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following GI symptoms with their descriptions:

<p>Nausea = Uncomfortable sensation of sickness Vomiting = Forceful expulsion of gastric contents Dyspepsia = Upper abdominal discomfort associated with eating Flatulence = Normal presence of gas in the digestive system</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a common sign of gastrointestinal disorders?

<p>Increased thirst (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All foods that are solid at room temperature are considered solid foods when documenting intake.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two stool characteristics that may signal colonic dysfunction or disease?

<p>Constipation and diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fluid output for adults is typically between __________ mL daily.

<p>2300 - 2500</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following foods can help with dyspepsia?

<p>None of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vomiting can occur normally during the first trimester of pregnancy.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using OLDCART in evaluating gastrointestinal pain?

<p>To assess the characteristics of the pain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

When inspecting the abdomen, a healthcare provider should check for __________.

<p>distention</p> Signup and view all the answers

What indicates hematochezia?

<p>Red stool (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of acute diarrhea?

<p>Food poisoning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chronic diarrhea lasts less than two weeks.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What procedure is meant to empty the stomach of toxic substances?

<p>Gastric decompression/lavage</p> Signup and view all the answers

Increased frequency of bowel movements is defined as more than __________ times per day.

<p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of diarrhea with their descriptions:

<p>Secretory = High volume, associated with bacterial toxins Osmotic = Water pulled into the intestine by unabsorbed particles Malabsorptive = Inhibits effective absorption of nutrients Exudative = Caused by mucosal integrity changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following could lead to sodium deficit (hyponatremia)?

<p>Dehydration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Diarrhea is always associated with an infectious agent.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common complication of diarrhea?

<p>Dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

The presence of __________ in the stool can indicate inflammatory enteritis/colitis.

<p>blood, mucus, pus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of diarrhea is associated with lactase deficiency?

<p>Osmotic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Intermittent suctioning is a method used for gastric decompression.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one medication that can cause diarrhea.

<p>Antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

______________ syndrome is characterized by an excess of gastric juice.

<p>Zollinger-Ellison</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a sign of hyponatremia?

<p>Weight gain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Vomiting Pathophysiology

The process of forceful expulsion of stomach contents through the mouth.

Projectile Vomiting

Vomiting without preceding nausea, suggesting possible increased intracranial pressure.

Vomitus Observation

Carefully examining vomitus for clues about the underlying cause (e.g., bile-stained, bloody).

Bile-stained vomit

Greenish vomit, likely due to an obstruction below the duodenum.

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Bloody vomit (bright red)

Indicates upper gastrointestinal bleeding, possibly from gastritis or peptic ulcer.

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Bloody vomit (dark red)

Indicates upper gastrointestinal bleeding, possibly from esophageal or gastric varices.

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Brown vomit with fecal odor

Suggests intestinal obstruction or infarction.

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Burning bitter-tasting vomit

Potential over-production of hydrochloric acid in the stomach.

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Vomiting Characterization

Assess the appearance (e.g., coffee-ground, undigested food), amount, and frequency of vomit to identify underlying causes.

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Causes of Projectile Vomiting

Projectile vomiting, forceful throwing up, may indicate pyloric stenosis or increased intracranial pressure.

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Vomiting Interventions

Maintain airway patency, position the patient on their side to prevent aspiration, monitor vomiting and assess the force of vomiting.

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Fluid Replacement

Fluid and electrolytes must be replaced intravenously (IV) when gastric suction or continuous drainage is necessary.

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Patient History Assessment

Obtain information on vomiting onset, duration, intensity, associated complaints (nausea, pain, etc.), medical history, medications, and alcohol/drug use.

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Aspiration Prevention

Position the child on their side to prevent vomit from entering the lungs.

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Oral Care Frequency

Provide mouth care every 2 hours for comfort and hygiene during vomiting episodes.

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Tube Care

Avoid pulling or applying tension to feeding tubes or other enteral tubes.

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GI fluid absorption

Most ingested fluid is reabsorbed into the bloodstream in the GI tract, primarily in the small intestine.

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Fecal matter composition

Feces are 75% fluid and 25% solid matter.

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Fluid intake (average daily)

A healthy adult should consume 2400-2700 mL of fluids a day.

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Fluid output (average daily)

A healthy adult should have fluid output in the range of 2300-2500 mL a day.

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Ice chip measuring

When measuring ingested ice chips, only half the volume is recorded.

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Dyspepsia (Indigestion)

Upper abdominal discomfort associated with eating, often accompanied by pain, fullness, or bloating.

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Melena

Black, tarry stool, often indicative of bleeding higher up in the GI tract.

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Hematochezia

Red blood in stool, often suggesting bleeding lower in the GI tract.

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Vomiting (Emesis)

Forceful expulsion of gastric contents.

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Nausea

An unpleasant sensation of sickness or queasiness.

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Changes in bowel habits

Changes in stool frequency and consistency, often signaling digestive issues.

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Constipation

Decreased stool frequency with hard, dry, and small-volume stools.

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Diarrhea

Increased stool frequency and liquidity.

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GI pain assessment

Use OLD CARTS (onset, location, duration, character, aggravating/relieving factors, timing, severity) to evaluate pain.

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GI assessment

Inspect, auscultate, palpate, and percuss the abdomen to evaluate GI issues.

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Fluid Volume Deficit

A condition where the body lacks enough fluids, often caused by vomiting or suctioning.

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Metabolic Alkalosis

An imbalance in the body's pH, making it more alkaline (less acidic), often due to loss of stomach acid through vomiting or suctioning.

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Hypokalemia

A deficiency of potassium in the blood, often associated with vomiting or suctioning.

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Electrolyte Imbalance

A disruption in the balance of electrolytes in the body, commonly caused by vomiting or suctioning.

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Monitor Signs of Dehydration

Closely observe for signs of dehydration, such as sunken fontanel, decreased skin elasticity, dry mucous membranes, and decreased tear production.

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Gastric Decompression

A procedure that empties the stomach of toxic substances or excess fluids.

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Gastric Suction Tubes

Tubes inserted into the stomach to draw out fluids or contents.

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Purpose of Gastric Decompression

To relieve abdominal distention, maintain decompression after surgery, remove blood and secretions, relieve discomfort, and keep the NGT open.

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Continuous Suction

Constant suction applied to the stomach through a gastric tube.

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Intermittent Suction

Suction applied to the stomach in intervals, not constantly.

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Causes of Diarrhea

Altered motility, intestinal secretion, mucosal absorption issues, medications, tube feeding formulas, metabolic and endocrine disorders, infections.

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Acute Diarrhea

Short-term diarrhea, usually lasting 1-2 days.

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Persistent Diarrhea

Diarrhea lasting 2-4 weeks, often caused by viral infections.

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Chronic Diarrhea

Diarrhea lasting more than 4 weeks, with recurring episodes.

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Secretory Diarrhea

High-volume diarrhea caused by increased intestinal secretions.

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Osmotic Diarrhea

Diarrhea caused by unabsorbed particles pulling water into the intestines.

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Malabsorptive Diarrhea

Diarrhea caused by impaired nutrient absorption, leading to watery stools.

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Clinical Manifestations of Diarrhea

Abdominal cramps, distention, borborygmi, anorexia, thirst, tenesmus.

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Dehydration

The most common complication of diarrhea, leading to fluid loss.

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Study Notes

Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT)

  • 100-200 ml fluid loss, 8L fluid circulates through GIT every 24 hours.
  • Most fluid is reabsorbed into the bloodstream, fecal matter is 75% fluid and 25% solid.

Average Daily Fluid Intake/Output for Adult

  • Intake: 2400-2700 mL

  • Output: 2300-2600 mL (100-200 mL difference).

  • Oral Fluids: 1200-1500 mL

  • Water in Foods: 1000 mL

  • Water as by-product of food metabolism: 200 mL

  • Sources of Output

    • Urine: 1400-1500 mL
    • Insensible Losses
      • Lungs: 350-400 mL
      • Skin: 350-400 mL
      • Sweat: 100 mL
      • Feces: 2400-2700 mL

Recording Fluid Intake/Output

  • Intake: Oral fluids, parenteral fluids (IV medications, catheters, tube irrigations), foods that become liquid at room temperature, tube feedings.
  • Output: Urinary output, vomitus, liquid feces, tube drainage, wound and fistula drainage (1 glass = 200 mL/240 mL).

Common Signs and Symptoms of GIT Problems

  • Abdominal pain, indigestion, belching, flatulence, nausea, vomiting.
  • Pain: Onset, location, duration, characteristics, aggravating factors, relieving factors, treatment, PQRST, OLDCART.

Additional Information

  • Ice Chips: Volume recorded as half the volume taken.
  • Foods: Purees are not considered solid foods.
  • Kidney failure: (in context of other GIT issues)
  • Diarrhea/Constipation: Changes in stool frequency and consistency, associated symptoms(abdominal cramps, distention), types (watery, semi-solid)
  • Vomiting: Forceful expulsion of gastric contents, causes(infection/inflammation, drugs, metabolic imbalances).
  • Description of Stool: Color, consistency, presence of blood (black - tarry, red), and foul smell.
  • Complications: Dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, metabolic complications, abdominal pain, nausea, vomit.
  • Possible Indicators of GIT Problems: Pain, nausea, vomiting, stool changes, unusual abdominal sensations (fullness, bloating).
  • Diagnostic Findings: Blood tests, imaging, endoscopy, stool analysis, etc.

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Related Documents

NCM 112 Gastrointestinal Tract Lecture Notes PDF

Description

Explore the intricacies of fluid intake and output in the gastrointestinal tract. This quiz covers the average daily fluid dynamics in adults, including sources of fluid loss and strategies for recording fluid balance. Test your knowledge on GIT problems and symptoms related to fluid management.

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