Gastrointestinal System Quiz

<p>Gastrin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>4 meters (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Further enzymatic degradation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epithelial cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cecum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excessive acid action (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gastrin-secreting tumor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Celiac Disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It binds to Vitamin B12 for absorption (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Urea breath test (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced lactase activity after infancy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diarrhea (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacterial fermentation of undigested lactose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrolyzing sucrose and lactose into monosaccharides (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endopeptidases cleave peptide bonds inside polypeptide chains. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Salivary amylase in the mouth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peptide hormones from endocrine cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They absorb a significant amount of undigested protein. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulation of acid secretion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It carries absorbed substances directly to the liver. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emulsification (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Feces (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Active transport coupled with glucose absorption (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A proteolytic enzyme that starts in the stomach (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of amino acids and fatty acids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secretin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lymphatic system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibits gastric acid secretion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ingestion of peptides or protein (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Quantitative measurement of fat in timed fecal collections (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Greater than 200 mg/dL (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Evaluation of clinical signs of malabsorption (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Steatorrhea indicated by fat droplets (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peripheral blood smear analysis for white blood cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lactase deficiency (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Laboratory tests for fecal leukocyte (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recording albumin production over time (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) is a long, muscular tube extending from the mouth to the anus, responsible for digesting food and absorbing nutrients.

The GI tract's structure varies along its length, adapting to different digestive and absorption needs. For example, the stomach is designed to churn and mix food, while the small intestine is specialized for nutrient absorption.

The GI tract is regulated by a complex network of hormones and nerves, allowing for coordinated digestion. Hormones like gastrin and secretin control various digestive processes, influencing the function of organs like the pancreas and gallbladder.

Trillions of microorganisms, known as gut microbiota, reside in the lower digestive tract. These bacteria help us digest food, synthesize vitamins like vitamin K, and contribute to our overall health.

The gastric mucosa, the lining of the stomach, contains specialized cells. Mucous cells secrete mucus, protecting the stomach from acid and enzymes. Parietal cells produce hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor. Chief cells produce pepsinogen, a precursor to the enzyme pepsin. G-cells produce the hormone gastrin.

The sight and smell of food trigger signals from the brain, stimulating HCl and gastrin production. Gastrin further promotes HCl production in the stomach. Pepsinogen is converted to active pepsin in the acidic environment, breaking down food into chyme.

Chyme, the partially digested food, enters the duodenum, the first section of the small intestine. Bile and pancreatic enzymes further break down the food in the duodenum.

The small intestine, a long tube, is divided into the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Its folded structure increases its surface area, maximizing nutrient absorption. Nutrients are broken down into basic components: amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, and glycerol.

The process by which undigested food waste, along with absorbed water and electrolytes, forms feces in the large intestine.

The portal vein carries absorbed nutrients from the small intestine directly to the liver for processing and distribution throughout the body.

A complex communication system where the brain and gut interact via hormones and nerve signals, influencing digestion, appetite, and even mood.

Starch digestion begins in the mouth with salivary amylase, breaking down long chains of glucose into smaller units.

Pancreatic amylase in the duodenum continues the breakdown of starch into smaller units, making it easier to absorb.

Enzymes located on the microvilli of the small intestine further break down starch and other sugars (sucrose and lactose) into simple sugars for absorption.

Pepsin, a proteolytic enzyme in the stomach, begins the breakdown of proteins, but the majority occurs in the duodenum and jejunum.

Enzymes like trypsin, chymotrypsin, and elastase break down proteins in the middle of polypeptide chains (endopeptidases), while other enzymes like carboxypeptidase and aminopeptidase remove amino acids from the ends (exopeptidases).

Bile salts break down large fat droplets into smaller droplets, increasing their surface area for digestion by enzymes.

Lipase, an enzyme, breaks down triglycerides by removing two fatty acids, leaving a monoglyceride and free fatty acids.

Chylomicrons are small particles formed in intestinal cells that package triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol for transport and absorption.

Sodium absorption in the small intestine is an active process, often coupled with the absorption of other nutrients like glucose and amino acids.

Gastrin, a hormone produced in the stomach, stimulates gastric acid secretion and motility.

Cholecystokinin (CCK) regulates gallbladder and intestinal motility and stimulates the pancreas to release its enzymes.

Secretin, released by the duodenum and jejunum, helps regulate gastric acid secretion, promotes pancreatic bicarbonate secretion, and increases gallbladder contraction.

The process of digestion involves the breakdown of food into smaller molecules, while absorption involves the movement of these molecules from the digestive tract into the bloodstream for use by the body.

A condition where the protective layer of the stomach or duodenum breaks down, leading to painful sores.

A bacterium found in the stomach that can cause gastritis and peptic ulcers.

A severe form of peptic ulcer disease caused by a tumor that secretes excessive amounts of gastrin, a hormone that stimulates stomach acid production.

A type of anemia caused by a deficiency of vitamin B12, which is necessary for red blood cell production. It occurs when the stomach doesn't produce enough intrinsic factor, a protein needed for vitamin B12 absorption.

A condition where the small intestine doesn't absorb nutrients properly, leading to malnutrition. Often caused by damage to the intestinal lining.

An autoimmune disorder where the body reacts negatively to gluten, damaging the small intestine and impairing nutrient absorption.

A common condition where the body lacks enough lactase, an enzyme needed to digest lactose, the sugar found in milk. This can cause bloating, gas, and diarrhea after consuming dairy products.

A test that uses a labeled urea compound to detect the presence of H. pylori bacteria in the stomach. The bacteria's urease enzyme breaks down the urea, producing a detectable compound.

A medical test that measures the amount of fat in a patient's feces over a set time, while they are on a diet with a known amount of fat. This test is considered the gold standard but rarely used due to the difficulty of fecal collection.

This test involves visually assessing the stool for color and texture. A pale, frothy stool indicates excessive fat. Additionally, a microscopic examination of fecal material stained with a fat-specific dye provides more reliable results.

A test involving the oral intake of 50g of lactose dissolved in water, followed by blood glucose level measurements at regular intervals. This assesses the body's ability to digest and absorb lactose. Individuals with lactose intolerance will have a lower blood glucose rise.

A healthy individual's blood glucose levels should rise to over 200mg/dL after the lactose tolerance test, indicating adequate lactose digestion. Individuals with lactase deficiency will have a peak blood glucose below 100mg/dL due to their inability to break down lactose.

Screening for malabsorption involves identifying individuals at risk, like the elderly, and observing for clinical signs of malabsorption. Lab screening for malabsorption is not highly sensitive but includes tests for serum levels of albumin, calcium, Vitamin B12, and iron, as well as a peripheral smear.

For suspected fat malabsorption, examining stool visually and microscopically is necessary. However, assessing protein malabsorption through biochemical tests is challenging. Only in severe cases of amino acid deficiency will albumin production be affected.

In cases of acute diarrhea, laboratory tests are usually not needed beyond fecal cultures and leukocyte detection. The focus should be on identifying the causative microorganism.

Various lab tests can be used to assess malabsorption, but interpreting the results requires a thorough medical assessment considering both patient symptoms and the specific malabsorption type. It's essential for doctors to utilize a holistic approach rather than relying solely on lab results.