Embryology Quiz: Gastrointestinal System Development

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Questions and Answers

What is the vascular supply of the midgut?

Superior mesenteric artery (correct)

Celiac trunk

Gastroduodenal artery

Inferior mesenteric artery

Which of the following structures is NOT derived from the foregut?

Tonsils

Kidneys (correct)

Duodenum

Trachea

What is the embryonic origin of the epithelium in the stomodeum?

Surface ectoderm (correct)

Endoderm

Mesoderm

Ectoderm

What happens to the primordial gut during the 4th week of embryonic development?

It is closed at both ends Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is derived from the hindgut?

Rectum Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis?

Severe stenosis of the pyloric canal and obstruction to the passage of food Signup and view all the answers

What is the vascular supply of the hindgut?

Inferior mesenteric artery Signup and view all the answers

At what stage of development does the liver, gallbladder, and biliary duct system arise?

Early in the 4th week Signup and view all the answers

What is the anatomical location of the hepatic diverticulum?

Between the developing heart and midgut Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the omental foramen of Winslow?

To communicate the omental bursa with the peritoneal cavity Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate incidence of congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in males?

1:150 Signup and view all the answers

What is the origin of the hepatic cords?

Proliferating endodermal cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the origin of the stroma, hematopoietic tissue, and Kupffer cells in the liver?

LP splanchnic mesoderm of septum transversum Signup and view all the answers

What determines the development and functional segmentation of the liver?

The quantity of oxygenated blood from the umbilical vein Signup and view all the answers

When does the liver account for ~10% of the total weight of the fetus?

9th week Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the left umbilical vein in the fetus?

Passes through the free border of the falciform ligament to the liver Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of bile entering the duodenum through the bile duct after the 13th week on the meconium?

It gives the meconium a dark green color Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of congenital anomalies of the liver?

They are rare and clinically significant Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Liver: Embryology

The liver, gallbladder, and biliary duct system arise from the hepatic diverticulum, which develops from embryonic endoderm in the 4th week.
The hepatic diverticulum extends into the septum transversum, a mass of LP splanchnic mesoderm between the developing heart and midgut, forming the ventral mesentery.
The liver grows rapidly from the 5th to 10th weeks, filling a large part of the upper abdominal cavity.
The quantity of oxygenated blood from the umbilical vein determines the development and functional segmentation of the liver.

Development of Liver

Hematopoiesis begins during the 6th week.
By the 9th week, the liver accounts for ~ 10% of the total weight of the fetus.
Bile formation by hepatic cells begins during the 12th week.
Bile entering the duodenum through the bile duct after the 13th week gives meconium a dark green color.

Clinical Correlates

Minor variations of liver lobulation are common.
Congenital anomalies of the liver are rare.
Variations of the hepatic ducts, bile duct, and cystic duct are common, clinically significant, and may include accessory hepatic ducts.

Gastrointestinal System: Embryology

The primordial gut at the beginning of the 4th week is closed at the cranial end by the oropharyngeal membrane and at the caudal end by the cloacal membrane.
The embryonic layers of the primordial gut give rise to epithelia and glands from endoderm and stroma from LP splanchnic mesoderm.
The primordial gut is divided into three regions: foregut, midgut, and hindgut, each with distinct vascularization.

Foregut Derivatives

Derivatives of the foregut include the primordial pharynx, oral cavity, teeth, pharynx, tongue, tonsils, salivary glands, upper respiratory system, lower respiratory system, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, liver, and extrahepatic biliary system.

Stomach: Embryology

Congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is an anomaly of the stomach that affects 1:150 males and 1:750 females.
The disorder is characterized by a marked thickening of the pyloric sphincter, resulting in severe stenosis of the pyloric canal and obstruction to the passage of food.

Oral Cavity

The pharyngeal apparatus consists of pharyngeal arches, membranes, pouches, and the omental bursa.
The omental bursa communicates with the peritoneal cavity through the omental (epiploic) foramen of Winslow.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the embryology of the gastrointestinal system, including the development of the primordial gut, the role of embryonic layers, and the formation of epithelia and glands.