Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the main function of the vitelline duct during embryonic development?
What is the term for the protrusion of the midgut through the umbilical cord during embryonic development?
What is the fate of the cloacal membrane during embryonic development?
Which of the following structures is NOT derived from the foregut?
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What is the term for the abnormalities that occur during the development of the midgut and hindgut?
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What is the blood vessel associated with the allantois?
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What type of mesoderm forms the connective tissue of the lungs and respiratory tract?
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What is the term for the process by which the midgut returns to the abdominal cavity after umbilical herniation?
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What is the result of the failure of the tracheo-oesophageal septum to close?
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What is the term for the septum that separates the urinary and rectal openings?
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What forms from the ventral mesogastrium as a diverticulum of the foregut?
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How many rudiments does the pancreas arise from?
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During which week does the stomach rotate to the left?
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What is the result of a tracheo-oesophageal fistula?
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What forms from the dorsal pancreatic bud?
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When do the ventral and dorsal pancreatic buds fuse?
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What structure does the dorsal pancreas form?
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What is the location of the midgut in the fetal gut tube?
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Which of the following is NOT derived from the midgut?
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What is the process by which the midgut herniates through the umbilical cord?
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What is the fate of the cloacal membrane?
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What is the blood supply of the structures derived from the midgut?
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What is the purpose of the learning outcomes of this lecture?
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What is the ventral pancreas responsible for forming?
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Which of the following structures is derived from the hindgut?
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What is the relationship between the hindgut and the allantois?
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What is the fate of the membrane separating the hindgut and proctodeum?
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What is the blood supply of the structures derived from the hindgut?
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What is the relationship between the hindgut and the urorectal septum?
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What is the developmental origin of the superior part of the anal canal?
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What is the fate of the allantois during development?
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What is the relationship between the hindgut and the epithelium of the urinary bladder?
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What is the estimated frequency of congenital anomalies of midgut development in live births?
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What is the usual direction of the second phase of rotation of the midgut?
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What is the net rotation of the midgut if the second phase of rotation is in a reverse direction?
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What is the location of the duodenum in a non-rotation of the midgut?
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What is the main difference between an omphalocoele and an umbilical hernia?
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What is the frequency of omphalocoele in live births?
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What is the main characteristic of a gastroschisis?
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What is the usual location of the opening in a gastroschisis?
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Study Notes
Development of the GI Tract
- The GI tract develops from a primitive gut tube that forms three main divisions: foregut, midgut, and hindgut.
Foregut
- The foregut gives rise to the:
- Trachea and lungs (via the tracheo-oesophageal septum)
- Oesophagus
- Stomach
- Liver, gall bladder, and ventral pancreas (from the ventral mesogastrium)
- Dorsal pancreas (from the dorsal pancreatic bud)
- Development of the glands of the foregut:
- The liver develops as a diverticulum of the foregut
- The gall bladder and ventral pancreas develop from the liver diverticulum
- The dorsal pancreatic bud appears around day 26, and the ventral pancreatic bud appears less than a day later
- The two pancreatic buds fuse to form a single organ
- Development of the pancreas:
- The stomach rotates to the left, and the hepatic duct and ventral pancreas migrate around the foregut
- The ventral pancreas comes into contact with the dorsal pancreas and fuses with it
- The developing liver and stomach expand within the abdominal cavity, and the pancreas comes to lie on the left
Midgut
- The midgut gives rise to the:
- Duodenum (distal to the opening of the bile duct)
- Jejunum
- Ileum
- Caecum and appendix
- Ascending colon
- Proximal 2/3rds of the transverse colon
- Development of the midgut:
- Umbilical herniation and subsequent mid-gut rotation occur
- The midgut undergoes two phases of rotation: the first 90 degrees counter-clockwise, and the second 180 degrees counter-clockwise
- Failure of the second phase of rotation can result in non-rotation or reversed rotation of the midgut
- Congenital anomalies of the midgut:
- Omphalocoele (failure of the gut to return to the abdominal cavity)
- Gastroschisis (protrusion of the gut through a small opening in the anterior abdominal wall, usually right of the umbilicus)
Hindgut
- The hindgut gives rise to the:
- Distal 1/3rd of the transverse colon
- Descending colon
- Sigmoid colon
- Rectum
- Superior part of the anal canal
- Epithelium of the urinary bladder and most of the urethra
- Development of the hindgut:
- The hindgut also gives rise to the allantois, which forms the fetal bladder and most of the developing urethra
- The proximal part of the allantois duct enlarges to form the fetal bladder
- The hindgut and proctodeum are separated by a membrane that must be perforated before birth
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Description
Learn about the formation of the primitive gut tube, vitelline duct, allantois, and the development of the glan in this lecture on the development of the gastrointestinal tract.