Gastrointestinal Physiology MBBS Year 1

Questions and Answers

They form vesicles with cholesterol making it soluble. (correct)

They act as stimulants for bile production.

They prevent cholesterol from crystallizing in the gallbladder.

They are the primary source of bile acids.

Direct digestion of carbohydrates.

Activation of pancreatic enzymes.

Facilitation of nutrient absorption. (correct)

Production of hormones.

Bile flow is independent of blood pressure.

Bile flow increases with decreased oxygen delivery.

Bile flow is inversely proportional to liver blood flow.

Bile flow is directly related to liver blood flow and oxygen delivery. (correct)

Increased risk of gallstones. Signup and view all the answers

Abnormalities in bile composition and biliary anatomy. Signup and view all the answers

By forming mixed micelles with phospholipids. Signup and view all the answers

To facilitate elimination of waste products from hemoglobin breakdown. Signup and view all the answers

The liver's ability to produce bile. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

The digestive system includes organs responsible for the breakdown and absorption of nutrients.
Key organs involved are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder.

Nutrient absorption occurs primarily in the small intestine.
The process involves enzymatic breakdown of macromolecules into absorbable units like amino acids, fatty acids, and monosaccharides.

Salivary glands produce saliva, initiating carbohydrate digestion.
Gastric secretions contain hydrochloric acid and pepsin to digest proteins.
The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes (lipases, amylases, proteases) and bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid.

Bile, produced by the liver, emulsifies fats and facilitates their absorption.
Bile salts are derived from cholesterol and play critical roles in the digestion of lipids.
Biliary system regulates bile storage and secretion into the intestine.

Bile acids enhance fat digestion and absorption by forming micelles.
They facilitate the solubility of cholesterol in bile, preventing gallstone formation.

Deficiency can lead to malabsorption of fats, resulting in nutritional deficiencies.
Conditions may include fat malabsorption syndromes, which require clinical management.

Bilirubin, a breakdown product of hemoglobin, is transported in plasma bound to albumin.
The liver processes bilirubin into a water-soluble form for excretion in bile.

Biliary pressure is crucial for bile transport; it is balanced with systemic blood pressure to maintain liver function.

Biliary diseases can arise from abnormalities in bile composition, anatomy, or function.
Cholesterol must be emulsified in bile via phospholipids to maintain solubility and prevent precipitation in the gallbladder.