Podcast
Questions and Answers
What triggers Clostridium perfringens to cause disease in sheep and goats?
What triggers Clostridium perfringens to cause disease in sheep and goats?
- A decrease in the peristalsis of the gastrointestinal tract
- A change in the diet of the animal, particularly an increase in starch, sugar, and/or protein (correct)
- A decrease in the natural immunity of the animal
- A decrease in the amount of grain consumption
What is the primary reason for the explosive growth of Clostridium perfringens in the intestine?
What is the primary reason for the explosive growth of Clostridium perfringens in the intestine?
- Decrease in the peristalsis of the gastrointestinal tract
- Decrease in the natural immunity of the animal
- Presence of nematodes and coccidian in the intestine
- Unusually high levels of starch, sugar, and/or protein in the intestine (correct)
What is the primary consequence of the toxins released by Clostridium perfringens?
What is the primary consequence of the toxins released by Clostridium perfringens?
- Damage to the intestine and other organs (correct)
- Increased natural immunity of the animal
- Decreased starch, sugar, and/or protein levels in the intestine
- Increased peristalsis of the gastrointestinal tract
What is the most common clinical sign of enterotoxemia in young sheep and goats?
What is the most common clinical sign of enterotoxemia in young sheep and goats?
What is the primary risk factor for fatalities due to enterotoxemia in sheep and goats?
What is the primary risk factor for fatalities due to enterotoxemia in sheep and goats?
What is the typical age group affected by enterotoxemia in sheep and goats?
What is the typical age group affected by enterotoxemia in sheep and goats?
What is the primary consequence of Clostridium perfringens growth in the intestine?
What is the primary consequence of Clostridium perfringens growth in the intestine?
What is the common characteristic of feeds that trigger Clostridium perfringens to cause disease?
What is the common characteristic of feeds that trigger Clostridium perfringens to cause disease?
What is the primary method of diagnosis for the production disease?
What is the primary method of diagnosis for the production disease?
What is the result of the ban on feeding cattle meat and bone meal in countries where the disease was present?
What is the result of the ban on feeding cattle meat and bone meal in countries where the disease was present?
What is the purpose of importing control, feeding regulations and surveillance measures in disease-free countries?
What is the purpose of importing control, feeding regulations and surveillance measures in disease-free countries?
What is the classification of the brain, spinal cord, trigeminal ganglia, intestines, eyes and tonsils from cattle in the UK?
What is the classification of the brain, spinal cord, trigeminal ganglia, intestines, eyes and tonsils from cattle in the UK?
What is the main cause of rumen impaction in cattle?
What is the main cause of rumen impaction in cattle?
What is the potential effect of toxic chemicals and pesticides on the health of cattle?
What is the potential effect of toxic chemicals and pesticides on the health of cattle?
What is the name of the novel technology used in combination with amplification to detect PrPSc?
What is the name of the novel technology used in combination with amplification to detect PrPSc?
What is the minimum concentration of PrPSc that can be detected in brain tissue using the novel method?
What is the minimum concentration of PrPSc that can be detected in brain tissue using the novel method?
What is the primary cause of the Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) epizootic?
What is the primary cause of the Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) epizootic?
What is the incubation period of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)?
What is the incubation period of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)?
What is the peak age of onset for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)?
What is the peak age of onset for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)?
What is the infectious agent responsible for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)?
What is the infectious agent responsible for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)?
How is Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) most easily transmitted to humans?
How is Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) most easily transmitted to humans?
What is the human equivalent of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)?
What is the human equivalent of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)?
At what temperature does the infectious agent of BSE remain viable?
At what temperature does the infectious agent of BSE remain viable?
What is the probable origin of the BSE epidemic?
What is the probable origin of the BSE epidemic?
Study Notes
Clostridium perfringens and Enterotoxemia
- Normally present in small and large intestine in low numbers and quiescent state in healthy animals
- Can cause disease under certain conditions, including:
- Excessive consumption of milk or feed with high quantities of grain
- Recovering from illness or distress
- Heavy infestations of gastrointestinal parasites
- Diet rich in grains and low in dry matter
- Conditions that slow peristalsis (motility of the gastrointestinal tract)
- A change in diet can trigger disease, especially an increase in grain, protein supplement, milk, or milk replacer
- Clostridium perfringens undergoes explosive growth, releasing potent toxins that harm the animal
- Toxins can cause damage to the intestine and other organs, leading to fatalities
Clinical Signs of Enterotoxemia
- Most frequent in young animals
- Peracute form characterized by sudden death 12 hours after first signs of disease appear
- Signs include excitement, convulsion, and death
Control of Enterotoxemia
- Ban on feeding cattle meat and bone meal
- Import control, feeding regulations, and surveillance measures in disease-free countries
Impaction
- Rumen impaction: accumulation of indigestible materials in the rumen, interfering with ingesta flow and leading to distension of the rumen and passing of scanty or no feces
- Effects of indigestible foreign bodies on nutrition and health aspect of cattle not fully elucidated
- Pelleted rations made from finely ground grain should be avoided
- Addition of tallow (3-5% of the total ration) may be successful occasionally, but not effective in controlled trials
- Ionophore lasalocid effective in controlling feedlot bloat
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)
- Fatal neurodegenerative disease in cattle causing spongy degeneration in the brain and spinal cord
- Long incubation period (2.5-8 years), usually affecting adult cattle at peak age onset of 4-5 years
- Caused by a misfolded prion
- Can be transmitted to humans by eating food contaminated with infected carcasses
- Infectious agent concentrated in nervous tissue, but found in virtually all tissues throughout the body, including blood
- In humans, known as new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD or nvCJD)
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Description
This quiz assesses your knowledge of the circumstances under which gastrointestinal organisms can multiply and cause infections in livestock, such as excessive consumption of milk or grain, compromised immunity, and gastrointestinal parasites. Learn more about the factors that contribute to these infections and how to prevent them.
