Gastrointestinal Infections in Livestock
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Questions and Answers

What triggers Clostridium perfringens to cause disease in sheep and goats?

  • A decrease in the peristalsis of the gastrointestinal tract
  • A change in the diet of the animal, particularly an increase in starch, sugar, and/or protein (correct)
  • A decrease in the natural immunity of the animal
  • A decrease in the amount of grain consumption

    • What is the primary reason for the explosive growth of Clostridium perfringens in the intestine?

  • Decrease in the peristalsis of the gastrointestinal tract
  • Decrease in the natural immunity of the animal
  • Presence of nematodes and coccidian in the intestine
  • Unusually high levels of starch, sugar, and/or protein in the intestine (correct)

    • What is the primary consequence of the toxins released by Clostridium perfringens?

  • Damage to the intestine and other organs (correct)
  • Increased natural immunity of the animal
  • Decreased starch, sugar, and/or protein levels in the intestine
  • Increased peristalsis of the gastrointestinal tract

    • What is the most common clinical sign of enterotoxemia in young sheep and goats?

    <p>Sudden death characterized by central nervous system alteration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary risk factor for fatalities due to enterotoxemia in sheep and goats?

    <p>Lack of vaccination in the dam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical age group affected by enterotoxemia in sheep and goats?

    <p>Young animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of Clostridium perfringens growth in the intestine?

    <p>Release of potent toxins that harm the animal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common characteristic of feeds that trigger Clostridium perfringens to cause disease?

    <p>Rich in starch, sugar, and/or protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of diagnosis for the production disease?

    <p>Histopathological examination of the medulla oblongata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the ban on feeding cattle meat and bone meal in countries where the disease was present?

    <p>Reduction in cases of the production disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of importing control, feeding regulations and surveillance measures in disease-free countries?

    <p>To prevent the introduction of the disease into the country</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of the brain, spinal cord, trigeminal ganglia, intestines, eyes and tonsils from cattle in the UK?

    <p>Specified risk materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of rumen impaction in cattle?

    <p>Indigestible materials such as polythene bags and metallic objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential effect of toxic chemicals and pesticides on the health of cattle?

    <p>They have the potential to disrupt beneficial and necessary biological systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the novel technology used in combination with amplification to detect PrPSc?

    <p>Surround Optical Fiber Immunoassay (SOFIA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum concentration of PrPSc that can be detected in brain tissue using the novel method?

    <p>One part in a hundred billion (10−11)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of the Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) epizootic?

    <p>Feeding cattle with remains of other cattle in the form of meat and bone meal (MBM)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the incubation period of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)?

    <p>2.5 to 8 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the peak age of onset for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)?

    <p>4-5 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the infectious agent responsible for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)?

    <p>Misfolded prion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) most easily transmitted to humans?

    <p>By eating food contaminated with the brain, spinal cord or digestive tract of infected carcasses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the human equivalent of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)?

    <p>New variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD or nvCJD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what temperature does the infectious agent of BSE remain viable?

    <p>Over 600 °C (about 1100 °F)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the probable origin of the BSE epidemic?

    <p>Contamination of MBM from sheep with scrapie</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Clostridium perfringens and Enterotoxemia

    • Normally present in small and large intestine in low numbers and quiescent state in healthy animals
    • Can cause disease under certain conditions, including:
      • Excessive consumption of milk or feed with high quantities of grain
      • Recovering from illness or distress
      • Heavy infestations of gastrointestinal parasites
      • Diet rich in grains and low in dry matter
      • Conditions that slow peristalsis (motility of the gastrointestinal tract)
    • A change in diet can trigger disease, especially an increase in grain, protein supplement, milk, or milk replacer
    • Clostridium perfringens undergoes explosive growth, releasing potent toxins that harm the animal
    • Toxins can cause damage to the intestine and other organs, leading to fatalities

    Clinical Signs of Enterotoxemia

    • Most frequent in young animals
    • Peracute form characterized by sudden death 12 hours after first signs of disease appear
    • Signs include excitement, convulsion, and death

    Control of Enterotoxemia

    • Ban on feeding cattle meat and bone meal
    • Import control, feeding regulations, and surveillance measures in disease-free countries

    Impaction

    • Rumen impaction: accumulation of indigestible materials in the rumen, interfering with ingesta flow and leading to distension of the rumen and passing of scanty or no feces
    • Effects of indigestible foreign bodies on nutrition and health aspect of cattle not fully elucidated
    • Pelleted rations made from finely ground grain should be avoided
    • Addition of tallow (3-5% of the total ration) may be successful occasionally, but not effective in controlled trials
    • Ionophore lasalocid effective in controlling feedlot bloat

    Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)

    • Fatal neurodegenerative disease in cattle causing spongy degeneration in the brain and spinal cord
    • Long incubation period (2.5-8 years), usually affecting adult cattle at peak age onset of 4-5 years
    • Caused by a misfolded prion
    • Can be transmitted to humans by eating food contaminated with infected carcasses
    • Infectious agent concentrated in nervous tissue, but found in virtually all tissues throughout the body, including blood
    • In humans, known as new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD or nvCJD)

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    Description

    This quiz assesses your knowledge of the circumstances under which gastrointestinal organisms can multiply and cause infections in livestock, such as excessive consumption of milk or grain, compromised immunity, and gastrointestinal parasites. Learn more about the factors that contribute to these infections and how to prevent them.

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