Gastrointestinal Epithelium and Mucosa

<p>Increased production of gastric acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Severe trauma</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acute gastritis is a short-term condition, while chronic gastritis is long-term.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It suggests a strong immune response to the inflammation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is caused by the inflammation and irritation of the stomach lining.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>75%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a type of cancer that primarily affects the intestines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A protein kinase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regulating cell growth and differentiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are the source of the tumor cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It causes the lymphoma to become more aggressive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atrophic gastritis and autoimmune metaplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gastritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of dysplastic cells in the gastric mucosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atrophy of gastric glands and parietal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dysplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gastric epithelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases the risk of gastric adenocarcinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A growth factor receptor protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their large cytoplasmic mucin vacuoles and peripherally displaced nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Linitis plastica</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Columnar, gland-forming cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An elevated mass with heaped-up borders and central ulceration</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Invasive growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic peptic ulcers typically involve scarring, while <em>H. pylori</em> ulcers do not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ulcer will fully heal and the tissue will regenerate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The infection rate decreases with age.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In the stomach lining.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Infection with <em>H. pylori</em>.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Developing countries have a lower standard of living.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Older individuals are more likely to have been treated for <em>H. pylori</em> infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autoimmune gastritis arises from an autoimmune attack on gastric parietal cells. This can lead to reduced gastric acid production, increased risk of gastric cancer, and vitamin B12 deficiency due to impaired absorption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gastric polyps, especially adenomas, can be precancerous lesions. They can also cause symptoms like bleeding or obstruction depending on their size and location.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p><em>H. pylori</em> infection is a major cause of gastritis. It can lead to chronic inflammation, ulcers, and an increased risk of gastric cancer, particularly in individuals with certain genetic predispositions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both are growths in the gastric lining, but polyps are more general, encompassing various types. Adenomas are specifically neoplastic, meaning they have the potential to become cancerous. This distinction highlights the importance of early detection and surveillance for adenomas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autoimmune gastritis attacks parietal cells, which are responsible for producing intrinsic factor, a protein essential for vitamin B12 absorption in the small intestine. Without adequate intrinsic factor, vitamin B12 cannot be absorbed, leading to deficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic gastritis, particularly when caused by factors like <em>H. pylori</em> infection or autoimmune mechanisms, can create a microenvironment conducive to the development of gastric cancer. Chronic inflammation, tissue damage, and alterations in cell growth can lead to precancerous changes and eventually malignancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acute gastritis is a sudden, temporary inflammation often caused by irritants like alcohol, NSAIDs, or certain medications. Chronic gastritis, on the other hand, is a long-term inflammation, often caused by <em>H. pylori</em> infection or autoimmune mechanisms, and can have more serious consequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p><em>H. pylori</em> infection rates are generally higher in developing countries compared to developed countries. This is attributed to factors like lower socioeconomic status, poor sanitation, and less access to healthcare, which contribute to greater exposure to the bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gastric adenomas are commonly found on a background of chronic gastritis. They represent about 10% of gastric polyps and their incidence increases with age, primarily affecting individuals between 50 and 60 years old. Morphological changes associated with adenomas include atrophy of the gastric mucosa, attenuation of rugae folds, and intestinal metaplasia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The statement emphasizes the gender disparity in the incidence of gastric adenomas, with males being significantly more susceptible to developing this condition compared to females. This suggests potential hormonal or lifestyle factors may play a role in the development of adenomas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic gastritis leads to significant morphological alterations in the stomach. The mucosa, particularly in the body and fundus, becomes thinned, losing its normal thickness. The rugae folds, which are normally prominent, become attenuated and less prominent due to the thinning of the mucosa.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gastric adenomas are considered precancerous lesions, meaning they have the potential to develop into gastric cancer. However, not all adenomas progress to cancer. The risk of cancer development increases with the size and degree of dysplasia of the adenoma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The increasing incidence of adenomas with age may suggest a cumulative effect of various factors contributing to their development, such as long-term exposure to environmental toxins, dietary habits, or genetic predisposition. Further investigation is needed to pinpoint specific contributing factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic gastritis creates a favorable environment for the development of gastric adenomas. It involves inflammation and damage to the gastric mucosa, leading to cell proliferation and alterations in the normal cell cycle. This chronic inflammation can induce mutations in genes responsible for cell growth and differentiation, increasing the risk of adenoma formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The statement highlights that adenomas constitute a significant portion of gastric polyps, indicating a higher likelihood of encountering polyps that could potentially progress to cancer. This emphasizes the importance of early detection and monitoring of gastric polyps to prevent malignant transformation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Untreated gastric adenomas can progress to gastric cancer, posing a serious health threat. Their potential for malignant transformation highlights the need for timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment, including endoscopic surveillance and potential surgical removal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peptic ulcers are more frequent in the duodenum compared to the stomach. In the duodenum, they are often located near the pyloric valve, while in the stomach, they are typically found in the antrum and body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The syndrome is called Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP), and the key genetic factor is mutations in the APC gene.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cell is called a signet-ring cell. It is characterized by a large, centrally located vacuole that pushes the nucleus to the periphery, giving it a signet-ring-like appearance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The text suggests that a loss of E-cadherin is a key step in the development of the morphology of peptic ulcers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The type of gastritis is called atrophic gastritis. Its key characteristics include thinning of the gastric mucosa, loss of glandular cells, and the presence of intestinal metaplasia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The gene is called APC (Adenomatous Polyposis Coli). Its primary function is to regulate cell growth and prevent the formation of polyps.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The genetic change is mutations in the APC gene. These mutations lead to a loss of function of the APC protein, which normally suppresses cell growth and proliferation. This loss of function allows uncontrolled cell growth, contributing to the development of adenomatous polyps.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The gene is called APC (Adenomatous Polyposis Coli). Mutations in this gene are strongly associated with the development of colorectal cancer, particularly Familial Adenomatous Polyposis, a genetic syndrome characterized by the formation of numerous polyps in the colon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic blood loss or perforation associated with gastritis can lead to iron deficiency anemia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>EBV infection is implicated in about 5% to 10% of gastric adenocarcinomas, contributing to oncogenesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tumors can include polyps, benign tumors, adenomas, and malignant tumors such as adenocarcinomas, which vary in behavior and risk.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Perforation of the stomach is a medical emergency associated with chronic gastritis due to the risk of peritonitis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic inflammation can lead to cellular changes and mutations, increasing the risk of developing gastric cancer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adenomas are a common benign condition associated with chronic gastritis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>These tumors typically contain cells with abnormal appearance, characterized by abundant granular cytoplasm. This is often associated with benign behavior initially, but the potential for spread and malignancy exists.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Distinguishing between intestinal-type and diffuse-type is important as they have different risk factors and clinical outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic gastritis can lead to malabsorption of nutrients due to the alteration of the gastric mucosa.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Common symptoms include abdominal pain, dysphagia, and weight loss. Bleeding can be frequent and lead to iron deficiency anemia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can spread locally to involve the duodenum, pancreas, and peritoneum. Metastasis to regional lymph nodes and distant organs indicates a poor prognosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The most common mesenchymal tumor is the Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST). While not as frequent as other gastrointestinal tumors, it still represents a significant portion of mesenchymal tumors in this region.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The text does not explicitly mention germinal centers in the context of hand-gut carcinoid tumors. However, it is important to understand that germinal centers are associated with lymphoid tissue and immune responses. Their presence might indicate a higher likelihood of inflammation and potential tumor progression. Further research is necessary to understand the precise connection between germinal centers and these tumors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mutations in the KIT gene are known to be associated with GISTs. These mutations can lead to uncontrolled cell growth and potentially more aggressive tumor behavior. Understanding the role of the KIT gene in GIST development is crucial for diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atrophic gastritis, a condition characterized by thinning of the stomach lining, is often associated with an increased risk of developing gastric adenocarcinoma. The text highlights the connection between atrophic gastritis and the development of cancer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Signet-ring cells are a type of cancer cell with a large vacuole filled with mucin, pushing the nucleus to the periphery, resembling a signet ring. Their presence in a tumor is indicative of a more aggressive form of gastric adenocarcinoma.</p> Signup and view all the answers