Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following drug classes decreases gastric motility to alleviate pain?
Which of the following drug classes decreases gastric motility to alleviate pain?
- Antacids
- Anti-cholinergic drugs (correct)
- H2 receptor antagonists
- Proton pump inhibitors
A patient is prescribed ranitidine. What is the primary mechanism of action of this medication?
A patient is prescribed ranitidine. What is the primary mechanism of action of this medication?
- Neutralizing gastric acid
- Blocking H2 receptors on parietal cells (correct)
- Inhibiting the H+/K+ pump
- Coating and protecting the ulcerated area
Which of the following is a potential side effect associated with long-term use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)?
Which of the following is a potential side effect associated with long-term use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)?
- Carcinoid tumor due to increased gastrin levels (correct)
- Decreased risk of bacterial infections
- Lower risk of developing acid reflux
- Reduced incidence of gastric ulcers
A patient complains of heartburn and seeks immediate relief. Which antacid is most likely to provide the fastest onset of action?
A patient complains of heartburn and seeks immediate relief. Which antacid is most likely to provide the fastest onset of action?
Which of the following antacids is most likely to cause diarrhea as a side effect?
Which of the following antacids is most likely to cause diarrhea as a side effect?
Why is it generally advised to avoid prescribing antacids containing aluminum or calcium salts to patients taking tetracycline or iron supplements?
Why is it generally advised to avoid prescribing antacids containing aluminum or calcium salts to patients taking tetracycline or iron supplements?
Which of the following mucosal protective agents also decreases HCL secretion?
Which of the following mucosal protective agents also decreases HCL secretion?
What is the role of amoxicillin or tetracycline in both triple and quadruple therapies for H. pylori eradication?
What is the role of amoxicillin or tetracycline in both triple and quadruple therapies for H. pylori eradication?
Besides treating the underlying cause and oral rehydration therapy (ORT), which class of drugs provides symptomatic relief from diarrhea by decreasing intestinal motility?
Besides treating the underlying cause and oral rehydration therapy (ORT), which class of drugs provides symptomatic relief from diarrhea by decreasing intestinal motility?
Which of the following antiemetic drugs blocks dopamine (D2) receptors and is used in reflux esophagitis?
Which of the following antiemetic drugs blocks dopamine (D2) receptors and is used in reflux esophagitis?
What is the main difference between domperidone and metoclopramide in their use as antiemetics?
What is the main difference between domperidone and metoclopramide in their use as antiemetics?
A patient undergoing cancer therapy is experiencing severe nausea and vomiting. Which antiemetic drug, known for blocking serotonin (5HT3) receptors, is most appropriate for this patient?
A patient undergoing cancer therapy is experiencing severe nausea and vomiting. Which antiemetic drug, known for blocking serotonin (5HT3) receptors, is most appropriate for this patient?
Which of the following medications used to treat peptic ulcers works by forming a protective layer over the ulcer, preventing acid and enzymes from causing further damage?
Which of the following medications used to treat peptic ulcers works by forming a protective layer over the ulcer, preventing acid and enzymes from causing further damage?
A patient with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, characterized by excessive gastric acid secretion, would most likely benefit from which class of medication?
A patient with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, characterized by excessive gastric acid secretion, would most likely benefit from which class of medication?
What is the primary mechanism by which anti-cholinergic drugs like pirenzepine reduce gastric acid secretion?
What is the primary mechanism by which anti-cholinergic drugs like pirenzepine reduce gastric acid secretion?
A patient who regularly uses NaHCO3 for heartburn relief is at risk of developing which acid-base imbalance?
A patient who regularly uses NaHCO3 for heartburn relief is at risk of developing which acid-base imbalance?
Which combination of medications is typically included in triple therapy for H. pylori eradication?
Which combination of medications is typically included in triple therapy for H. pylori eradication?
A patient with a history of constipation is seeking an antacid for occasional heartburn. Which antacid should be avoided in this patient?
A patient with a history of constipation is seeking an antacid for occasional heartburn. Which antacid should be avoided in this patient?
Which antiemetic is often recommended for managing nausea and vomiting during pregnancy?
Which antiemetic is often recommended for managing nausea and vomiting during pregnancy?
What is a common consequence of the CO2 release associated with the use of certain antacids?
What is a common consequence of the CO2 release associated with the use of certain antacids?
Flashcards
Peptic Ulcer
Peptic Ulcer
Gastric or duodenal ulcers caused by acid and pepsin erosion.
HCL Secretion
HCL Secretion
Secretion process in the stomach involving parietal cells.
Anti-Cholinergic Drugs
Anti-Cholinergic Drugs
Drugs that reduce the production of gastric acid in the stomach.
H2 Receptor Antagonists
H2 Receptor Antagonists
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Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs)
Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs)
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Antacid Drugs
Antacid Drugs
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NaHCO3
NaHCO3
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Mucosal Protective Agents
Mucosal Protective Agents
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Triple Therapy
Triple Therapy
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Quadruple Therapy
Quadruple Therapy
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Treatment of Diarrhea
Treatment of Diarrhea
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Antiemetic Drugs
Antiemetic Drugs
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Metoclopramide
Metoclopramide
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Domperidone
Domperidone
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Study Notes
- Drugs affecting the gastrointestinal tract include treatments for oesophagus and stomach conditions, such as peptic ulcers (gastric and duodenal ulcers).
HCL Secretion
- HCL secretion involves parietal cells.
- H+/K+ pump (proton pump) is involved in the secretion process.
Drugs Suppressing Gastric Acid Production
- Includes anti-cholinergic drugs (anti-muscarinic drugs).
- Non-selective: Propantheline
- Selective M3 blockers: Pirenzepine.
- Mechanism: block M3 receptor on parietal cells, which decreases HCL secretion and gastric motility, thus relieving pain.
H2 Receptor Antagonists (H2 Blockers)
- Examples: Cimetidine, ranitidine.
- Mechanism: block H2 receptor on parietal cells, decreasing HCL secretion.
- Uses: gastric and duodenal ulcers, reflux oesophagitis, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, hiatal hernia, stress ulcer, iatrogenic ulcer, and to prevent upper gut bleeding after burn or trauma.
Proton Pump Inhibitors
- Examples: Omeprazole, pantoprazole.
- Mechanism: block H+/K+ pump (proton pump) on parietal cells, decreasing HCL secretion.
- Uses: similar to H2 blockers.
- Side effects: increased risk of infection from ingested bacteria due to decreased HCL and carcinoid tumor due to increased gastrin level with long term use.
Antacid Drugs
- Neutralize gastric acid.
- Chemical:
- Systemic: Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3).
- Local: Magnesium salts, aluminum salts, calcium carbonate (CaCO3).
- Physical:
- Absorb HCL.
NaHCO3 (Sodium Bicarbonate)
- Rapid onset, short duration.
- CO2 release can cause distention and rebound acidity.
- Can lead to systemic alkalosis.
- Uses: heartburn, to treat acidosis, dissolve mucus (alkaline expectorant), and alkalinize urine.
Magnesium Salts
- Can cause diarrhea.
- Example: Magnesium trisilicate (physical & chemical).
Aluminum Salts
- Can cause constipation.
- Example: Al(OH) gel (physical & chemical).
CaCO3 (Calcium Carbonate)
- Can cause constipation.
- CO2 release can cause distention rebound acidity.
- Best antacids contain magnesium salts combined with aluminum or calcium salts.
- Antacids should not be prescribed for patients taking tetracycline or iron.
Mucosal Protective Agents
- Prostaglandins like misoprostole also decrease HCL secretion.
- Sucralfate.
- Colloidal bismuth.
- Carbenoxalone.
Eradication of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) Infection
- Triple therapy:
- Proton pump inhibitor or H2 blocker.
- Amoxicillin or clarithromycin.
- Metronidazole.
- Quadruple therapy:
- Proton pump inhibitor or H2 blocker.
- Amoxicillin or tetracycline.
- Metronidazole.
- Colloidal bismuth.
Treatment of Diarrhea
- Treat the cause.
- Oral rehydration therapy (ORT).
- Drugs to decrease motility:
- Anti-cholinergic: Atropine.
- Opiates: Loperamide.
- Direct spasmolytics.
Antiemetic Drugs
- H1 blocker: Diphenhydramine.
- M blocker: Atropine & hyoscine.
- D receptor blocker: Metoclopramide & domperidone.
- 5HT3 (serotonin) blocker: Ondansetron.
- Pyridoxine (B6): used in vomiting of pregnancy.
Metoclopramide
- Blocks D2 receptors and is prokinetic.
- Used as an antiemetic and in reflux oesophagitis.
Domperidone
- Similar to metoclopramide but less toxic.
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