Podcast Beta
Questions and Answers
What is a key element necessary for effective learning in relation to note-taking?
Which class of medications is likely to have the longest duration of action for treating heartburn?
Which factor does NOT typically exacerbate heartburn and dyspepsia?
What is one of the adverse effects commonly associated with OTC medications for dyspepsia?
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In assessing the severity of GI complaints, which method is typically emphasized?
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Which is important to consider when recommending drug treatment for heartburn?
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What aspect of OTC medications for heartburn should be critically assessed?
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Which is NOT a common treatment approach for heartburn and dyspepsia?
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When considering the mechanism of action for antihistamines in heartburn treatment, what should be evaluated?
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Which dietary component is often linked to increased heartburn symptoms?
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Which substance is known to commonly trigger heartburn due to its composition?
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What is the recommended action if a patient’s heartburn symptoms persist or worsen?
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Which of the following foods is NOT mentioned as a risk factor for heartburn?
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What does the acronym SCHOLAR-MAC in relation to patient assessment stand for?
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Which behavior modification is generally effective in managing heartburn?
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Which of the following beverages is likely to exacerbate heartburn symptoms?
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What type of condition is gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) commonly associated with?
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Which lifestyle factor is considered a risk for developing heartburn?
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What essential strategy is recommended for effective learning in addressing heartburn issues?
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Which food is frequently associated with increasing the risk of heartburn?
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Which of the following medications is classified as an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist?
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What is a common adverse effect associated with the use of beta-1 selective blockers?
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Which drug is indicated for both hypertension and heart failure?
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Which class of medication does Atrovent HFA belong to?
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Which of the following drugs is associated with hyperkalemia as an adverse effect?
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What is a common indication for the medication montelukast?
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Which adverse effect is commonly associated with the use of corticosteroids?
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What drug interaction is a potential concern with the use of anticoagulants like rivaroxaban?
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Which of the following medications is indicated for muscle spasms?
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Which adverse effect may occur with the use of inhaled corticosteroids like fluticasone?
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Which class of medication is commonly associated with causing sedation as a side effect?
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What is the primary indication for the use of lamotrigine?
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Which adverse effect is commonly associated with the use of SSRIs like escitalopram?
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What is a potential cardiovascular side effect of lithium use?
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What type of drug is typically used as a first-line treatment for hypertension?
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Which of the following medications is classified as a beta-3 agonist?
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Which of the following is a common adverse effect of anticonvulsants like carbamazepine?
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What is a common adverse effect of opioid analgesics?
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Which of the following drugs is an anticholinergic medication indicated for overactive bladder?
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Which of the following medications can cause hyperkalemia as a side effect?
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Study Notes
Gastrointestinal Disorders
- Heartburn is the most common symptom of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), also known as acid reflux.
- GERD occurs when acid or other stomach contents back up into the esophagus.
- GERD can be controlled through behavior modification and over-the-counter medication.
- If symptoms persist or worsen, a gastroenterologist should be consulted for additional tests and to rule out more serious conditions.
Learning Objectives
- Classify the severity of a patient's GI complaints.
- Describe diet, pharmacologic agents, and other issues that can exacerbate heartburn & dyspepsia.
- Compare and contrast the mechanism of action, indications, onset, and duration of action, and adverse effects of OTC medications used to treat heartburn & dyspepsia.
- Assess the advantages and disadvantages of OTC medications used to treat heartburn & dyspepsia.
- Recommend an appropriate drug treatment selection for a patient with heartburn & dyspepsia.
- Formulate appropriate counseling information to be provided to a patient on a given treatment regimen for heartburn & dyspepsia.
SCHOLAR-MAC
- SCHOLAR-MAC is a mnemonic device used to help gather information about a patient's symptoms.
- The abbreviation stands for:
- Symptoms
- Characteristics
- History
- Onset
- Location
- Aggravating Factors
- Remitting Factors
- Medications
- Allergies
- Conditions
Causes of Heartburn
-
Risk Factors: Food & beverages
- Fried or fatty foods
- Chocolate
- Peppermint
- Alcohol
- Coffee (decaf too)
- Carbonated beverages
- Garlic, onions, peppers
- Vinegar
- Tomato sauce
- Citrus fruits or juices
-
Risk Factors: Lifestyle
- Overeating
- Smoking
- Eating late at night
- Bending over or lying down after eating
- Wearing tight clothing
- Pregnancy
- Obesity
- Stress
- Certain medications (e.g., aspirin, ibuprofen, some antibiotics)
Key Learning Strategy
-
Make it Stick!
- Trying to solve a problem before being taught the solution leads to better learning, even when errors are made in the attempt.
Brand and Generic Medications with Indications, Adverse Effects, and Classes
- Aldactone (spironolactone): aldosterone antagonist indicated for heart failure and hypertension; potential adverse effects include eye irritation, gynecomastia, drowsiness, dry mouth, and hyperkalemia.
- Alphagan P (brimonidine ophthalmic): alpha-2 adrenergic agonist indicated for glaucoma; potential adverse effects include eye irritation.
- Catapres (clonidine): alpha-2 adrenergic agonist indicated for hypertension; potential adverse effects include drowsiness, dry mouth, and hyperkalemia.
- Lotensin (benazepril): angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) indicated for hypertension and heart failure; potential adverse effects include dry cough and hyperkalemia.
- Vasotec (enalapril): angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) indicated for hypertension and heart failure; potential adverse effects include dry cough and hyperkalemia.
- Zestril (lisinopril): angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) indicated for hypertension and heart failure; potential adverse effects include dry cough and hyperkalemia.
- Altace (ramipril): angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) indicated for hypertension and heart failure; potential adverse effects include dry mouth and hyperkalemia.
- Atrovent HFA (ipratropium inhaled): anticholinergic indicated for COPD; potential adverse effects include dry mouth and bitter taste.
- Spiriva Respimat (tiotropium inhaled): anticholinergic indicated for COPD and asthma; potential adverse effects include drowsiness and bitter taste.
- Tessalon Perles (benzonatate): antitussive indicated for cough; potential adverse effects include bradycardia and hallucination.
- Inderal (propranolol): beta-1 and beta-2 nonselective blocker indicated for migraine prophylaxis and essential tremor; potential adverse effects include eye irritation, fatigue, and eye sensitivity to light.
- Betimol (timolol ophthalmic): beta-1 and beta-2 nonselective blocker indicated for glaucoma; potential adverse effects include bradycardia and fatigue.
- Coreg (carvedilol): beta-1 and beta-2 nonselective blocker/alpha-1 blocker indicated for heart failure and hypertension; potential adverse effects include bradycardia and fatigue.
- Normodyne (labetalol): beta-1 and beta-2 nonselective blocker/alpha-1 blocker indicated for hypertension and heart failure; potential adverse effects include bradycardia and fatigue.
- Tenormin (atenolol): beta-1 selective blocker indicated for hypertension and angina; potential adverse effects include bradycardia and fatigue.
- Toprol XL (metoprolol succinate): beta-1 selective blocker indicated for hypertension and angina; potential adverse effects include bradycardia and fatigue.
- Lopressor (metoprolol tartrate): beta-1 selective blocker indicated for hypertension and angina; potential adverse effects include bradycardia and fatigue.
- Calan (verapamil): nondihydropyridine calcium channel blocker (CCB) indicated for hypertension, atrial fibrillation, and angina; potential adverse effects include hypotension, diarrhea, and hyperkalemia.
- Lumigan (bimatoprost ophthalmic): prostaglandin analog indicated for glaucoma; potential adverse effects include pruritus and eosinophilia.
- Xalatan (latanoprost ophthalmic): prostaglandin analog indicated for glaucoma; potential adverse effects include diarrhea.
- Travatan Z (travoprost ophthalmic): prostaglandin analog indicated for glaucoma; potential adverse effects include diarrhea.
- Dexilant (dexlansoprazole): proton pump inhibitor (PPI) indicated for GERD and GI ulcers; potential adverse effects include diarrhea.
- Protonix (pantoprazole): proton pump inhibitor (PPI) indicated for GERD and GI ulcers; potential adverse effects include diarrhea.
- Pristiq (desvenlafaxine): antidepressant; serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) indicated for depression; potential adverse effects include UV light sensitivity and nausea.
- Viibryd (vilazodone): antidepressant; selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) indicated for depression; potential adverse effects include nausea.
- Proventil HFA (albuterol inhaled): short-acting beta-2 agonist indicated for asthma and COPD; potential adverse effects include thrombocytopenia and peripheral edema.
- Xopenex (levalbuterol inhaled): short-acting beta-2 agonist indicated for asthma and COPD; potential adverse effects include nausea.
- Robaxin (methocarbamol): skeletal muscle relaxant indicated for muscle spasms; potential adverse effects include weight gain.
- Lioresal (baclofen): skeletal muscle relaxant indicated for muscle spasms; potential adverse effects include hypersensitivity to sulfa agents.
- Soma (carisoprodol): skeletal muscle relaxant indicated for muscle spasms; potential adverse effects include hypersensitivity to sulfa agents.
- Flexeril (cyclobenzaprine): skeletal muscle relaxant indicated for muscle spasms; potential adverse effects include xerostomia.
- Microzide (hydrochlorothiazide): thiazide diuretic indicated for hypertension and edema; potential adverse effects include nausea.
- Thalitone (chlorthalidone): thiazide-like diuretic indicated for hypertension and edema; potential adverse effects include nausea.
Antibiotic, Antifungal, and Antiviral Medications
- Zithromax (azithromycin): antibiotic; macrolide indicated for bacterial infections; potential adverse effects include diarrhea and nausea.
- Omnicef (cefdinir ): antibiotic; cephalosporin (3rd gen.) indicated for bacterial infections; potential adverse effects include diarrhea and nausea.
- Teflaro (ceftaroline IV): antibiotic; cephalosporin (5th gen.) indicated for bacterial infections; potential adverse effects include diarrhea and a positive direct Coomb's test.
- Keflex (cephalexin): antibiotic; cephalosporin (1st gen.) indicated for bacterial infections; potential adverse effects include nausea and vomiting.
- Lanoxin (digoxin): antiarrhythmic indicated for atrial fibrillation and anti-MRSA; potential adverse effects include atrial tachycardia and dizziness.
- Vibramycin (doxycycline): antibiotic; tetracycline indicated for bacterial infections and heart failure; potential adverse effects include photosensitivity and dermatologic effects.
- Plaquenil (hydroxychloroquine): antimalaria; aminoquinoline indicated for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and malaria; potential adverse effects include CNS effects.
- Novolog (insulin aspart): antidiabetic; insulin, rapid-acting indicated for diabetes; potential adverse effects include hypoglycemia and weight gain.
- Levemir (insulin detemir): antidiabetic; insulin, long-acting indicated for diabetes; potential adverse effects include hypoglycemia.
- Lantus (insulin glargine): antidiabetic; insulin, long-acting indicated for diabetes; potential adverse effects include hypoglycemia and weight gain.
- Humalog (insulin lispro ): antidiabetic; insulin, rapid-acting indicated for diabetes; potential adverse effects include hypoglycemia and headache.
- Levaquin (levofloxacin): antibiotic; fluoroquinolone indicated for bacterial infections; potential adverse effects include diarrhea.
- Merrem (meropenem IV): antibiotic; carbapenem indicated for bacterial infections; potential adverse effects include hypersensitivity and UV light sensitivity.
- Minocin (minocycline): antibiotic; tetracycline derivative indicated for bacterial infections and acne; potential adverse effects include dizziness and headache.
- Macrodantin (nitrofurantoin): antibiotic indicated for bacterial infections (UTI); potential adverse effects include diarrhea and fatigue.
- Zofran (ondansetron): antiemetic; selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist indicated for prevention of N/V; potential adverse effects include brown urine.
- Tamiflu (oseltamivir): influenza neuraminidase inhibitor indicated for prevention/treatment of flu; potential adverse effects include nausea and fatigue.
- PenVK (penicillin V potassium): antibiotic; penicillin indicated for bacterial infections; potential adverse effects include diarrhea and vomiting.
- Zosyn (piperacillin & tazobactam IV): antibiotic; penicillin-based indicated for bacterial infections; potential adverse effects include diarrhea and nausea.
- Phenergan (promethazine): phenothiazine; histamine-1 antagonist indicated for nausea; potential adverse effects include bradycardia and headache.
- Januvia (sitagliptin): antidiabetic; dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor (DPP-4) indicated for diabetes; potential adverse effects include hypoglycemia and CNS effects.
- Janumet (sitagliptin & metformin): dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) & biguanide indicated for diabetes; potential adverse effects include diarrhea and headache.
- Imitrex (sumatriptan): serotonin 5HT 1B/1D receptor agonist indicated for acute migraine and cluster headache; potential adverse effects include tingling sensation and chest tightness.
- Valtrex (valacyclovir): viral DNA polymerase inhibitor indicated for herpes simplex and herpes zoster; potential adverse effects include headache and nausea.
- Vancocin (vancomycin): antibiotic; glycopeptide indicated for bacterial infection; potential adverse effects include hypotension and red man syndrome.
Anticonvulsants, Antiemetics, and Antipsychotics
- Neurontin (gabapentin): anticonvulsant indicated for postherpetic neuralgia and adjunct for seizures; potential adverse effects include dizziness and drowsiness.
- Lyrica (pregabalin): anticonvulsant indicated for fibromyalgia and neuropathic pain; potential adverse effects include dizziness and peripheral edema.
- Topomax (topiramate): anticonvulsant indicated for epilepsy and migraine; potential adverse effects include dizziness and drowsiness.
- Reglan (metoclopramide): antiemetic; gastrointestinal prokinetic agent indicated for diabetic gastroparesis and prevention post-op & chemo n/v; potential adverse effects include drowsiness and dystonia.
- Tegretol (carbamazepine): antiepileptic indicated for seizures and neuralgia; potential adverse effects include nausea and low WBC count.
- Trileptal (oxcarbazepine): antiepileptic indicated for epilepsy and neuralgia; potential adverse effects include nausea and low WBC count.
- Zestoretic (lisinopril & hydrochlorothiazide): antihypertensive; angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi) & thiazide diuretic indicated for hypertension; potential adverse effects include dizziness and hypotension.
- Trexall (methotrexate): antineoplastic; antirheumatic indicated for cancer and rheumatoid arthritis; potential adverse effects include thrombocytopenia and diarrhea.
- Requip (ropinirole): antiparkinson; dopamine agonist indicated for Parkinson's disease and restless leg syndrome; potential adverse effects include hypotension and syncope.
- Mirapex (pramipexole): anti-parkinson; dopamine agonist indicated for Parkinson's disease and restless leg syndrome; potential adverse effects include orthostatic hypotension and drowsiness.
- Plavix (clopidogrel): antiplatelet; thienopyridine indicated for acute coronary syndrome; potential adverse effects include bleeding.
- Vyvanse (lisdexamfetamine): CNS stimulant indicated for ADHD and binge eating disorder; potential adverse effects include hypertension and palpitations.
- Medrol (methylprednisolone): corticosteroid indicated for allergic conditions and skin conditions; potential adverse effects include cardiovascular symptoms and CNS effects.
- Trulicity (dulaglutide): glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1) indicated for Type 2 diabetes; potential adverse effects include hypoglycemia and diarrhea.
- Victoza (liraglutide): glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1) indicated for Type 2 diabetes; potential adverse effects include hypoglycemia and diarrhea.
- Vytorin (ezetimibe & simvastatin): HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor indicated for hyperlipidemia; potential adverse effects include myalgia, nausea, and diarrhea.
- Namenda (memantine): N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist indicated for Alzheimer's dementia; potential adverse effects include dizziness and headache.
- MS Contin (morphine LA): opioid analgesic indicated for pain; potential adverse effects include sedation and constipation.
- Percocet (oxycodone & acetaminophen): opioid analgesic indicated for pain; potential adverse effects include sedation and constipation.
- OxyContin (oxycodone LA): opioid analgesic indicated for pain; potential adverse effects include sedation and constipation.
- Ultram (tramadol): opioid analgesic & selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) indicated for pain; potential adverse effects include sedation and constipation.
- Strattera (atomoxetine): selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) indicated for ADHD; potential adverse effects include nausea.
- Jardiance (empagliflozin): sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor indicated for Type 2 diabetes; potential adverse effects include nausea and fatigue.
- Synthroid (levothyroxine): thyroid indicated for hypothyroidism; potential adverse effects include UTI and dyslipidemia.
- Zyloprim (allopurinol): xanthine oxidase inhibitor indicated for gout; potential adverse effects include angina and cardiac arrhythmia.
- Lithobid (lithium): antimanic indicated for bipolar disorder; potential adverse effects include arrhythmia and ataxia.
- Haldol (haloperidol): antipsychotic; butyrophenone indicated for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder; potential adverse effects include extrapyramidal reaction, arrhythmias, dizziness, xerostomia, akathisia, insomnia, and sedation.
- Ditropan (oxybutynin): antispasmodic indicated for overactive bladder; potential adverse effects include dizziness and xerostomia.
- Abilify (aripiprazole): atypical antipsychotic indicated for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder; potential adverse effects include akathisia, insomnia, weight gain, sedation, and xerostomia.
- Seroquel (quetiapine): atypical antipsychotic indicated for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder; potential adverse effects include sedation, xerostomia, weight gain, and dizziness.
- Risperdal (risperidone): atypical antipsychotic indicated for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder; potential adverse effects include sedation, dizziness, weight gain, decreased BMD, thrush, nausea, and insomnia.
- Xanax (alprazolam): benzodiazepine indicated for anxiety and panic disorder; potential adverse effects include drowsiness, ataxia, sedation, and lethargy.
- Klonopin (clonazepam): benzodiazepine indicated for anxiety and seizure disorder; potential adverse effects include drowsiness, ataxia, sedation, and lethargy.
- Valium (diazepam): benzodiazepine indicated for anxiety; potential adverse effects include hypotension, sedation, and drowsiness.
- Restoril (temazepam): benzodiazepine indicated for insomnia; potential adverse effects include hypotension, sedation, and drowsiness.
- Ativan (lorazepam): benzodiazepine indicated for anxiety and status epilepticus; potential adverse effects include hypertension, urinary retention, tachycardia, insomnia, and oral candidiasis (thrush).
- Myrbetriq (mirabegron): beta-3 agonist indicated for overactive bladder (OAB); potential adverse effects include tachycardia, insomnia, and oral candidiasis (thrush).
- Wellbutrin (bupropion): dopamine/norepinephrine-reuptake inhibitor indicated for depression and smoking cessation aid; potential adverse effects include decreased BMD, thrush, nausea, insomnia, and cardiac problems.
- Advair (fluticasone & salmeterol): inhaled corticosteroid & long acting beta-2 agonist indicated for asthma and COPD; potential adverse effects include headache and flushing.
- Symbicort (budesonide & formoterol): inhaled corticosteroid & long-acting beta-2 agonist indicated for asthma and COPD; potential adverse effects include nausea, insomnia, or sedation, and ejaculatory disorders.
- Chantix (varenicline): nicotine receptor partial agonist indicated for smoking cessation; potential adverse effects include tachycardia, palpitations, and GI problems.
- Voltaren (diclofenac): non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID); acetic acid indicated for inflammation and pain; potential adverse effects include tachycardia, palpitations, and GI problems.
- Cialis (tadalafil): phosphosdiesterase-5 inhibitor indicated for erectile dysfunction and benign prostatic hyperplasia; potential adverse effects include headache, flushing, and nausea.
- Lexapro (escitalopram): selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) indicated for depression and anxiety; potential adverse effects include insomnia, or sedation, and ejaculatory disorders.
- Zoloft (sertraline): selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) indicated for depression and anxiety; potential adverse effects include insomnia, or sedation, and ejaculatory disorders.
- Combivent (Respimat) (albuterol & ipratropium): short-acting beta-2 agonist & anticholinergic indicated for COPD and asthma; potential adverse effects include cardiac arrhythmia and ataxia.
- DuoNeb (solution) (albuterol & ipratropium): short-acting beta-2 agonist & anticholinergic indicated for COPD and asthma; potential adverse effects include cardiac arrhythmia and ataxia.
- Elavil (amitriptyline): tricyclic antidepressant indicated for depression; potential adverse effects include angina and orthostatic hypotension.
- Apresoline (hydralazine): vasodilator indicated for hypertension; potential adverse effects include hypotension and dizziness.
- Isordil (isosorbide dinitrate): vasodilator indicated for angina; potential adverse effects include hypotension and dizziness.
- Aricept (donepezil): acetylcholinesterase inhibitor indicated for Alzheimer's dementia; potential adverse effects include gastrointestinal (NVD), insomnia, dizziness, and rash.
- Lamictal (lamotrigine): anticonvulsant indicated for seizures; potential adverse effects include increased diastolic BP, drowsiness, and thrombocytopenia.
- Keppra (levetiracetam): anticonvulsant indicated for seizures; potential adverse effects include nausea, tremor, sedation, and nystagmus.
- Depakote, Depakene (valproic acid and derivatives): anticonvulsant; antimanic indicated for epilepsy and bipolar disorder (mania); potential adverse effects include fatigue, hypotension, hot flashes, and fatigue.
- Dilantin (phenytoin): antiepileptic; hydantoin indicated for epilepsy; potential adverse effects include bleeding, hypotension, headache, abdominal pain, and increased BP.
- Hyzaar (losartan & hydrochlorothiazide): antihypertensive; angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB); thiazide diuretic indicated for hypertension and edema; potential adverse effects include tachycardia, insomnia, and decreased serum calcium.
- Arimidex (anastrozole): antineoplastic; aromatase inhibitor indicated for breast cancer; potential adverse effects include abdominal pain/regurgitation, anorexia, insomnia, and increased BP.
- Integrilin (IV) (eptifibatide): antiplatelet; glycoprotein IIb/Illa Inhibitor indicated for acute coronary syndrome; potential adverse effects include immunosuppression, increased blood sugar, edema, venous thromboembolism, and malaise.
- Aggrenox (aspirin & dipyridamole): antiplatelet; salicylate & phosphodiesterase inhibitor indicated for stroke prevention; potential adverse effects include nausea, vomiting, hypertension, peripheral edema, headache, xerostomia, and confusion.
- Adipex-P (phentermine): appetite suppressant indicated for obesity; potential adverse effects include sedation, dizziness, and constipation.
- Fosamax (alendronate): bisphosphonate indicated for osteoporosis and Paget's disease; potential adverse effects include sedation and constipation.
- Focalin XR (dexmethylphenidate): CNS stimulant indicated for ADHD and narcolepsy; potential adverse effects include sedation and constipation.
- Adderall XR (dextroamphetamine & amphetamine): CNS Stimulant indicated for ADHD; potential adverse effects include hyper or hypokalemia, hyperuricemia, hypotension, and local irritation.
- Deltasone (prednisone): corticosteroid indicated for inflammation and pain; potential adverse effects include skin atrophy.
- Estrace (estradiol): estrogen derivative indicated for breast cancer and osteoporosis prevention; potential adverse effects include flu-like injection reactions, upper respiratory tract infections.
- Imuran (azathioprine): immunosuppressant indicated for prevent kidney transplant rejection; potential adverse effects include dizziness, drowsiness, nausea, low WBC count, and hypotension.
- Cellcept (mycophenolate): immunosuppressant indicated for prophylaxis of organ rejection and rheumatoid arthritis; potential adverse effects include hypotension, syncope, orthostatic hypotension, drowsiness, bleeding, and hypertension.
- Lunesta (eszopiclone): nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic indicated for insomnia; potential adverse effects include headache, abdominal pain, increased BP, tachycardia, and insomnia.
- Ambien (zolpidem): nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic indicated for insomnia; potential adverse effects include sedation, constipation, and constipation.
- Lortab (acetaminophen & hydrocodone): opioid analgesic indicated for pain; potential adverse effects include sedation, constipation, and constipation.
- Duragesic (fentanyl): opioid analgesic indicated for pain; potential adverse effects include sedation, constipation, and constipation.
- Dilaudid (hydromorphone): opioid analgesic indicated for pain; potential adverse effects include sedation, constipation, and constipation.
- Dyazide (triamterene & hydrochlorothiazide): potassium-sparing diuretic & thiazide diuretic indicated for hypertension and edema; potential adverse effects include hyper or hypokalemia, hyperuricemia, hypotension, and local irritation.
- Kenalog (triamcinolone): topical corticosteroid indicated for pruritis and inflammation; potential adverse effects include skin atrophy.
- Humira (adalimumab): tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha blocker indicated for Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis; potential adverse effects include flu-like injection reactions, upper respiratory tract infections, and rash.### Common Diseases and Conditions
- GERD
- Gastric ulcer
- Depression
- Anxiety
- Asthma
- COPD
- Muscle spasm
- Spasticity
- Hypertension
- Edema
- Bradycardia
- Increased pigmentation of the iris and eyelashes, as well as eyelash growth
- Diarrhea
- Nausea
- Headache
- Tachycardia
- Drowsiness
- Hypokalemia
Common Adverse Effects (AEs)
- Constipation
- Blurred vision or stinging
- Sexual dysfunction
- Nervousness
- Dizziness
- Transient increased urination
Medications
-
Generic Name:
- Nebivolol (Bystolic)
- Beclomethasone (inhaled) (Qvar inhaler)
- Budesonide (inhaled) (Pulmicort Flexhaler)
- Fluticasone (nasal) (Flonase)
- Fluticasone (inhaled) (Flovent HFA)
- Amlodipine (Norvasc)
- Nifedipine (Procardia)
- Fenofibrate (Tricor)
- Meclizine (Antivert)
- Atorvastatin (Lipitor)
- Pravastatin (Pravachol)
- Rosuvastatin (Crestor)
- Simvastatin (Zocor)
- Ezetimibe (Zetia)
- Montelukast (Singulair)
- Furosemide (Lasix)
- Diltiazem (Cardizem)
- Finasteride (Proscar)
- Tamsulosin (Flomax)
- Doxazosin (Cardura)
- Tizanidine (Zanaflex)
- Guanfacine (Intuniv)
- Celecoxib (Celebrex)
- Meloxicam (Mobic)
- Buspirone (BuSpar)
- Solifenacin (Vesicare)
- Dicyclomine (Bentyl)
- Enoxaparin (Lovenox)
- Rivaroxaban (Eliquis)
- Apixaban (Xarelto)
- Mirtazapine (Remeron)
- Citalopram (Celexa)
- Fluoxetine (Prozac)
- Paroxetine (Paxil)
- Trazodone (Desyrel)
- Duloxetine (Cymbalta)
- Venlafaxine (Effexor XR)
- Nortriptyline (Pamelor)
- Irbesartan (Avapro)
- Losartan (Cozaar)
- Olmesartan (Benicar)
- Valsartan (Diovan)
Medication Classes
- Beta-1 selective blockers
- Corticosteroids
- Dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers (CCB)
- Fibric acid derivatives (fibrate)
- Histamine H-1 antagonists
- HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors
- Intestinal cholesterol absorption inhibitors
- Leukotriene receptor antagonists
- Loop diuretics
- Nondihydropyridine calcium channel blockers (CCB)
- 5-alpha reductase inhibitor
- Alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist
- Alpha-2 adrenergic agonists
- Analgesics
- Antianxiety agents
- Anticholinergics
- Anticoagulants
- Antidepressants
- Antihypertensives
- Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB)
Common Drug Indications
- Beta-1 selective blockers: hypertension
- Corticosteroids: asthma, allergic rhinitis
- Dihydropyridine CCBs: hypertension
- Fibric acid derivatives: hypertriglyceridemia
- Histamine H-1 antagonists: vertigo
- HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors: hyperlipidemia
- Intestinal cholesterol absorption inhibitors: hyperlipidemia
- Leukotriene receptor antagonists: asthma
- Loop diuretics: edema
- Nondihydropyridine CCBs: hypertension
- 5-alpha reductase inhibitor: benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
- Alpha-1 adrenergic antagonists: BPH
- Alpha-2 adrenergic agonists: spasticity, hypertension
- Analgesics: pain
- Antianxiety agents: anxiety
- Anticholinergics: overactive bladder, irritable bowel syndrome
- Anticoagulants: venous thromboembolism, prevent/treat blood clots
- Antidepressants: depression, anxiety
- Antihypertensives: hypertension
- Angiotensin II receptor blockers: hypertension, diabetic nephropathy, heart failure
Common Adverse Effects
- Beta-1 selective blockers: bradycardia, throat irritation
- Corticosteroids: oral candidiasis (thrush), throat irritation, unpleasant taste, nosebleeds, reflex tachycardia
- Dihydropyridine CCBs: angina, peripheral edema, reflex tachycardia, increased LFTs
- Fibric acid derivatives: dyspepsia, dry mouth
- Histamine H-1 antagonists: drowsiness, headache
- Statins: myalgia, headache, diarrhea
- Intestinal cholesterol absorption inhibitors: headache, dizziness
- Leukotriene receptor antagonists: headache, dizziness
- Loop diuretics: hypokalemia, increased urination
- Nondihydropyridine CCBs: bradycardia
- 5-alpha reductase inhibitor: decrease libido, ejaculation failure
- Alpha-1 adrenergic antagonists: orthostatic hypotension, dizziness
- Alpha-2 adrenergic agonists: hypotension, xerostomia, drowsiness
- Analgesics: peripheral edema, hypertension
- Antianxiety agents: dizziness, nausea
- Anticholinergics: xerostomia, sedation
- Anticoagulants: bleeding, thrombocytopenia
- Antidepressants: sedation, increased appetite, insomnia or sedation, ejaculatory disorders, serotonin syndrome
- Antihypertensives: orthostatic hypotension, malaise
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Description
This quiz focuses on gastrointestinal disorders, particularly gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). It covers symptoms, management strategies, and the pharmacology of over-the-counter treatments for heartburn and dyspepsia. Students will also learn to assess and recommend appropriate medications based on patient needs.
