Questions and Answers
How many permanent teeth does an adult typically have?
What type of enzyme does the pancreas produce for carbohydrate digestion?
Which part of the pancreas is involved in the production of hormones?
What is the primary function of bile produced by the liver?
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What is the structural and functional unit of the liver called?
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What is the primary purpose of the gallbladder?
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Which of the following describes the process that allows pancreatic juice to be ejected?
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Which part of the alimentary canal is known as the buccal cavity?
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Which part of the pharynx is solely for respiration?
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What initiates the involuntary stage of swallowing?
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What happens to the epiglottis during the swallowing process?
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Which structure is not part of the stomach?
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What is the function of the lower esophageal sphincter?
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How long is the esophagus?
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What type of muscle composes the esophagus, aiding in movement?
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Which glands in the stomach produce gastric juice?
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What is the primary function of parietal cells in the stomach?
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Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the growth and maturation of gastric glands?
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Which part of the small intestine is primarily involved in the reabsorption of vitamin B12?
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What role does somatostatin play in gastric function?
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What is the major function of the small intestine?
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In terms of the anatomy of the large intestine, which section follows the cecum?
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What is chyme primarily composed of?
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Which hormone stimulates gallbladder contraction?
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Study Notes
Parietal Cells
- Produce intrinsic factor and hydrochloric acid (HCl), the body’s strongest acid.
- HCl activates pepsinogen into pepsin for protein digestion.
- Intrinsic factor is essential for vitamin B12 absorption in the ileum.
- Pernicious anemia results from poor reabsorption of vitamin B12.
Pyloric Gland
- Contains G-cells that produce the hormone gastrin.
- Gastrin stimulates growth, maturation, and development of gastric glands.
- An increase in gastrin levels results in increased gastric juice secretion; foods like coffee and chocolate stimulate this secretion.
- Somatostatin inhibits gastrin release.
Small Intestine
- Longest section of the alimentary canal and the main site for digestion and absorption.
- Reabsorbs approximately 90% of water.
- Consists of three parts: duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
- Enterogastric reflex tightens the pyloric sphincter to regulate gastric emptying.
- Hormones such as secretin stimulate bile production in the liver and pancreatic juice secretion.
- Cholecystokinin stimulates gallbladder contraction to release bile.
- Chyme, a semi-liquid food mixture, takes 3-6 hours to pass through the small intestine depending on diet.
Large Intestine
- Largest segment of the alimentary canal, responsible for water reabsorption and waste formation.
- Parts include the cecum (connected to the ileum), colon (ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid), rectum, and anal canal.
- Stretch in the rectum triggers the defecation reflex, influencing bowel movements.
- Permanent teeth total 32, including incisors, canines, premolars, and molars.
Pancreas
- Functions as both an exocrine and endocrine gland.
- Produces digestive enzymes (exocrine) and hormones (endocrine).
- Composed of head, neck, body, and tail.
- Releases 1,200 - 1,500 mL of pancreatic juice containing pancreatic amylase for carbohydrate digestion and trypsinogen for protein digestion.
- Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase into trypsin in the small intestine.
- Pancreatic lipase digests triglycerides found in fats.
- Relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi is essential for pancreatic juice release, regulated by cholecystokinin and intestinal waves.
Liver
- Heaviest gland and second-largest organ in the body.
- Functional unit is the lobule containing hepatocytes, which produce bile.
- Bile composed of water, cholesterol, bile salts, and bile pigment (giving it its color).
- Bile helps emulsify fats; production averages 800 - 1,000 mL.
Gallbladder
- Stores bile produced by the liver.
- Located inferior to the liver.
Alimentary Canal / Gastrointestinal Tract
- Mouth: Buccal cavity; comprises cheeks, hard palate, soft palate, and tongue.
- Pharynx: Has three parts (nasopharynx for respiration, oropharynx, laryngopharynx) involved in digestion and respiration.
- Deglutition (swallowing) involves voluntary and involuntary stages, coordinated by the deglutition center in the lower pons and medulla oblongata.
- Esophagus is a 25 cm long smooth muscle tube; facilitates peristalsis but lacks digestive enzymes and absorption.
- Upper and lower esophageal sphincters regulate passage to the stomach; failure to close may lead to GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease) and heartburn.
Stomach
- C-shaped organ capable of holding up to 4 liters of food.
- Composed of several parts: cardia, fundus, body, and pylorus (opening controlled by the pyloric sphincter).
- Contains gastric glands that produce gastric juice (2000 - 3000 mL), comprising mucus, pepsinogen (converted to pepsin), and other digestive components.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the functions of parietal cells, including the production of intrinsic factor and hydrochloric acid. Explore the significance of gastrin and its impact on gastric gland development and vitamin B12 absorption. Understand the implications of pernicious anemia in this topic.
