Gastric Motility and Innervation
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Questions and Answers

Which part of the brain regulates the activity of the stomach?

  • Dorsal vagal nucleus
  • Cerebral cortex
  • Cerebellum
  • Hypothalamus (correct)

    • Which nerve provides parasympathetic innervation to the stomach?

  • Phrenic nerve
  • Sympathetic nerve
  • Splanchnic nerve
  • Vagus nerve (correct)

    • What is the main function of the fundus in the stomach?

  • Propulsion of food into the duodenum
  • Grinding of food
  • Storage of food (correct)
  • Mixing of food with gastric secretions

    • What is the name of the nerve that arises from T1-L2 levels and provides sympathetic innervation to the stomach?

    <p>Greater splanchnic nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following stimuli activates the sympathetic pathway, leading to inhibition of peristaltism and acid secretion?

    <p>Stress and fight-flight response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sequence of stages involved in the mixing of food with gastric secretions in the stomach?

    <p>Propulsion, Grinding, Retropulsion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the ileocecal valve?

    <p>To prevent the backflow of intestinal contents into the ileum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of movement is responsible for propelling food through the small intestine in an anterograde direction?

    <p>Mass peristalsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of segmentation contractions in the small intestine?

    <p>To mix chyme with bile and pancreatic fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone regulates the migrating motor complex during fasting?

    <p>Motilin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of gastrin on the ileocecal valve?

    <p>It opens the valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the sympathetic nervous system in regulating intestinal motility?

    <p>It inhibits the propagation of anterograde movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary stimulant for Austrae contractions in the large intestine?

    <p>Stretching of the intestinal walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Mass Peristalsis contractions in the large intestine?

    <p>Increase the absorption surface for water and electrolytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main region where Segmentation Contractions occur in the large intestine?

    <p>Ascending and transverse colon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the stimulus for the Defecation Reflex?

    <p>Distension of the rectum and sigmoid colon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the pelvic splanchnic nerves in the Defecation Reflex?

    <p>Conveying sensory information from the rectum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the only conscious part of the Defecation Reflex?

    <p>Relaxation of the anal sphincter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following stimulates the release of gastrin from G cells in the antrum?

    <p>Stretching of stomach walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of gastrin secretion on pyloric function?

    <p>Pyloric sphincter relaxation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following inhibits gastric emptying?

    <p>Duodenal distension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the oral portion of the stomach?

    <p>Receiving the bolus, storage, and some digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of wave is responsible for mixing movements in the stomach?

    <p>Slow wave</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which the duodenum regulates gastric emptying?

    <p>Enterogastric reflexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones is released in response to fat-rich chyme?

    <p>CCK</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is responsible for transmitting the vagal reflex signal back to the stomach?

    <p>Vagus nerve (X CN)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of mucus cells in the stomach?

    <p>Production of bicarbonate mucus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the propulsion wave reaching the pylorus?

    <p>Retropulsion and mixing of chyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of chyme entering the duodenum?

    <p>Gastric emptying</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones is NOT involved in gastric emptying?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cell types are responsible for storing vitamin A in the liver?

    <p>Hepatic Stellate cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which Kupffer cells eliminate bacteria from the liver?

    <p>Phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the liver's protective function in terms of blood purification?

    <p>Hepatic venous blood is sterile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the process by which the liver synthesizes glucose from non-carbohydrate sources?

    <p>Gluconeogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of impaired liver regeneration in diseased livers?

    <p>Impaired regeneration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of high pressure in the portal vein in cirrhosis?

    <p>The fluid in the blood seeps out to the interstitium, causing ascites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cell responsible for liver regeneration?

    <p>Mature hepatocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which the liver regenerates to the size necessary for the individual's hepatic functions?

    <p>Hepatostat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of hypersplenism in cirrhosis?

    <p>Decreased platelet production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Disse space in the liver?

    <p>To facilitate the exchange of macromolecules between the sinusoids and hepatocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the phase of liver regeneration characterized by the release of inflammatory cytokines such as TNFalpha and IL-6?

    <p>Priming phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the functional unit of the liver?

    <p>Acinus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the collection of lymph in the abdomen, high pressure, and accumulation of liquid in the liver?

    <p>Ascites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the cells that contain vitamin A in the liver?

    <p>Hepatic stellate cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the unique endothelial lining of the sinusoids in the liver?

    <p>Fenestrated endothelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vitamin is necessary for the synthesis of coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X?

    <p>Vitamin K</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hepatocytes in which zone have more oxygen and can perform more gluconeogenesis?

    <p>Zone 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of high bilirubin in the blood?

    <p>Jaundice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the liver?

    <p>Regulation of blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of removing toxins and xenobiotics from the body?

    <p>Detoxification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal pressure gradient between the portal and suprahepatic veins in a healthy liver?

    <p>5-9 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of an increase in liver stiffness due to cirrhosis?

    <p>Increased portal hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of Kupffer cells upon liver damage?

    <p>They are activated and start generating fiber</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the total cardiac output is received by the liver?

    <p>27%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of blood flow from the stomach and intestines seeking a path of lesser resistance in portal hypertension?

    <p>Formation of varices in the collateral venous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the lipoproteins synthesized by the liver?

    <p>Transportation of cholesterol and phospholipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of deamination of amino acids in the liver?

    <p>Formation of urea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of apo-ferritin in the liver?

    <p>Combination with iron to form ferritin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of hepatocytes in the liver?

    <p>Synthesis of cholesterol and phospholipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the liver's function in de novo lipogenesis?

    <p>Synthesis of lipids from glucose and amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of macrophages in heme metabolism?

    <p>Degrading erythrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the byproduct of the degradation of erythrocytes?

    <p>Heme groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the liver in bilirubin metabolism?

    <p>Conjugating bilirubin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the transformation of conjugated bilirubin in the intestines?

    <p>Production of urobilinogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the intestinal microbiome in bilirubin metabolism?

    <p>Transforming conjugated bilirubin into urobilinogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pigment responsible for the yellow color of urine?

    <p>Urobilin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of most urobilinogen in the body?

    <p>It is converted into stercobilinogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of increased erythrocyte lysis on bilirubin levels?

    <p>Increased bilirubin levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pigment responsible for the brown color of feces?

    <p>Stercobilin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the liver in heme metabolism?

    <p>Conjugating bilirubin</p> Signup and view all the answers

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