Gastric Motility and Innervation

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Which part of the brain regulates the activity of the stomach?

Dorsal vagal nucleus

Cerebral cortex

Cerebellum

Hypothalamus (correct)

Which nerve provides parasympathetic innervation to the stomach?

Phrenic nerve

Sympathetic nerve

Splanchnic nerve

Vagus nerve (correct)

What is the main function of the fundus in the stomach?

Propulsion of food into the duodenum

Grinding of food

Storage of food (correct)

Mixing of food with gastric secretions

What is the name of the nerve that arises from T1-L2 levels and provides sympathetic innervation to the stomach?

Greater splanchnic nerve Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following stimuli activates the sympathetic pathway, leading to inhibition of peristaltism and acid secretion?

Stress and fight-flight response Signup and view all the answers

What is the sequence of stages involved in the mixing of food with gastric secretions in the stomach?

Propulsion, Grinding, Retropulsion Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the ileocecal valve?

To prevent the backflow of intestinal contents into the ileum Signup and view all the answers

What type of movement is responsible for propelling food through the small intestine in an anterograde direction?

Mass peristalsis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of segmentation contractions in the small intestine?

To mix chyme with bile and pancreatic fluids Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone regulates the migrating motor complex during fasting?

Motilin Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of gastrin on the ileocecal valve?

It opens the valve Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the sympathetic nervous system in regulating intestinal motility?

It inhibits the propagation of anterograde movements Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary stimulant for Austrae contractions in the large intestine?

Stretching of the intestinal walls Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Mass Peristalsis contractions in the large intestine?

Increase the absorption surface for water and electrolytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the main region where Segmentation Contractions occur in the large intestine?

Ascending and transverse colon Signup and view all the answers

What is the stimulus for the Defecation Reflex?

Distension of the rectum and sigmoid colon Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the pelvic splanchnic nerves in the Defecation Reflex?

Conveying sensory information from the rectum Signup and view all the answers

What is the only conscious part of the Defecation Reflex?

Relaxation of the anal sphincter Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following stimulates the release of gastrin from G cells in the antrum?

Stretching of stomach walls Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of gastrin secretion on pyloric function?

Pyloric sphincter relaxation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following inhibits gastric emptying?

Duodenal distension Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the oral portion of the stomach?

Receiving the bolus, storage, and some digestion Signup and view all the answers

What type of wave is responsible for mixing movements in the stomach?

Slow wave Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism by which the duodenum regulates gastric emptying?

Enterogastric reflexes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones is released in response to fat-rich chyme?

CCK Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve is responsible for transmitting the vagal reflex signal back to the stomach?

Vagus nerve (X CN) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of mucus cells in the stomach?

Production of bicarbonate mucus Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the propulsion wave reaching the pylorus?

Retropulsion and mixing of chyme Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of chyme entering the duodenum?

Gastric emptying Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones is NOT involved in gastric emptying?

Insulin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cell types are responsible for storing vitamin A in the liver?

Hepatic Stellate cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism by which Kupffer cells eliminate bacteria from the liver?

Phagocytosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the liver's protective function in terms of blood purification?

Hepatic venous blood is sterile Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the process by which the liver synthesizes glucose from non-carbohydrate sources?

Gluconeogenesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of impaired liver regeneration in diseased livers?

Impaired regeneration Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of high pressure in the portal vein in cirrhosis?

The fluid in the blood seeps out to the interstitium, causing ascites Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cell responsible for liver regeneration?

Mature hepatocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which the liver regenerates to the size necessary for the individual's hepatic functions?

Hepatostat Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of hypersplenism in cirrhosis?

Decreased platelet production Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Disse space in the liver?

To facilitate the exchange of macromolecules between the sinusoids and hepatocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the phase of liver regeneration characterized by the release of inflammatory cytokines such as TNFalpha and IL-6?

Priming phase Signup and view all the answers

What is the functional unit of the liver?

Acinus Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the collection of lymph in the abdomen, high pressure, and accumulation of liquid in the liver?

Ascites Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the cells that contain vitamin A in the liver?

Hepatic stellate cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the unique endothelial lining of the sinusoids in the liver?

Fenestrated endothelium Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin is necessary for the synthesis of coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X?

Vitamin K Signup and view all the answers

Hepatocytes in which zone have more oxygen and can perform more gluconeogenesis?

Zone 1 Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of high bilirubin in the blood?

Jaundice Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the liver?

Regulation of blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of removing toxins and xenobiotics from the body?

Detoxification Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal pressure gradient between the portal and suprahepatic veins in a healthy liver?

5-9 mmHg Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of an increase in liver stiffness due to cirrhosis?

Increased portal hypertension Signup and view all the answers

What is the fate of Kupffer cells upon liver damage?

They are activated and start generating fiber Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the total cardiac output is received by the liver?

27% Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of blood flow from the stomach and intestines seeking a path of lesser resistance in portal hypertension?

Formation of varices in the collateral venous system Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the lipoproteins synthesized by the liver?

Transportation of cholesterol and phospholipids Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of deamination of amino acids in the liver?

Formation of urea Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of apo-ferritin in the liver?

Combination with iron to form ferritin Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of hepatocytes in the liver?

Synthesis of cholesterol and phospholipids Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the liver's function in de novo lipogenesis?

Synthesis of lipids from glucose and amino acids Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of macrophages in heme metabolism?

Degrading erythrocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the byproduct of the degradation of erythrocytes?

Heme groups Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the liver in bilirubin metabolism?

Conjugating bilirubin Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the transformation of conjugated bilirubin in the intestines?

Production of urobilinogen Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the intestinal microbiome in bilirubin metabolism?

Transforming conjugated bilirubin into urobilinogen Signup and view all the answers