Gastric Gland Anatomy Quiz

Questions and Answers

What is a primary function of chief cells in the gastric glands?

Production of bile

Conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin (correct)

Absorption of nutrients

Secretion of hydrochloric acid

What characterizes the cytoplasm of chief cells?

Acidic and devoid of granules

High in mitochondria for energy production

Basophilic due to extensive RER (correct)

Rich in lysosomes for digestion

What do enteroendocrine cells primarily release?

Hormones into the bloodstream (correct)

Mucus to protect the stomach lining

Digestive enzymes

Nutrients for absorption

Which type of enteroendocrine cell has its apical end in contact with the glandular lumen?

Open type Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component found in the zymogen granules of chief cells?

Inactive pepsinogen Signup and view all the answers

What role do the hormones secreted by enteroendocrine cells play in the gastrointestinal tract?

Regulate peristalsis and digestive enzyme secretion Signup and view all the answers

Where are chief cells predominantly located within the gastric glands?

In the basal half of the gastric glands Signup and view all the answers

What structural feature allows for the identification of chief cells in microscopy?

Abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum Signup and view all the answers

What structure connects the ventral border of the stomach to the anterior abdominal wall?

Ventral mesogastrium Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the rotation of the stomach have on the original sides of the stomach?

The left side becomes the ventral surface. Signup and view all the answers

How much does the stomach rotate during its development?

90 degrees Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve supplies the anterior wall of the adult stomach following its rotation?

Left vagus nerve Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of the dorsal border growing faster than the ventral border?

Formation of the greater curvature Signup and view all the answers

Which mesogastrium is responsible for suspending the stomach from the dorsal wall of the abdominal cavity?

Dorsal mesogastrium Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the cranial and caudal regions of the stomach during its rotation?

Cranial moves left and inferiorly; caudal moves right and superiorly Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the enzymes within the glycocalyx of microvilli?

To facilitate digestion of carbohydrates and proteins Signup and view all the answers

What ultimately influences the position of the stomach in relation to the body after rotation?

Growth of surrounding organs and mesentery Signup and view all the answers

How does the number of microvilli contribute to the absorptive capacity of intestinal cells?

They increase the surface area significantly Signup and view all the answers

What type of glands are the Crypts of Lieberkühn?

Simple tubular glands Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary secretion of Brunner's glands and its significance?

Alkaline fluid, which aids in neutralizing chyme Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the distribution of microvilli is correct?

1 mm² area of mucosa contains approximately 200 million microvilli Signup and view all the answers

What function does the muscularis mucosa serve in relation to the glands of the small intestine?

It supports the base of the intestinal glands Signup and view all the answers

Why is the secretion from Brunner's glands particularly important in the upper duodenum?

It raises the pH to optimize pancreatic enzyme function Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes Brunner's glands from other intestinal glands?

They are located in the submucosa of the upper duodenum Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the dorsal mesoduodenum during development?

It becomes fixed in a retroperitoneal position. Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of the proliferation of epithelial cells in the duodenum during the fifth and sixth weeks?

The duodenum is temporarily obliterated. Signup and view all the answers

What does the cranial part of the hepatic diverticulum develop into?

The primordium of the liver. Signup and view all the answers

What is the smaller caudal part of the hepatic diverticulum known as?

The pars cystica. Signup and view all the answers

What structure does the stalk of the hepatic diverticulum form?

The cystic duct. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs to the epithelial cells of the duodenum as they degenerate?

Normal vacuolation occurs. Signup and view all the answers

At which point does the duodenum typically become recanalized?

By the end of the embryonic period. Signup and view all the answers

Which structure listed is NOT associated with the development of the liver and biliary apparatus?

Spinal canal. Signup and view all the answers

What part of the foregut do dorsal and ventral pancreatic buds arise from?

Caudal part Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the ventral pancreatic bud during the rotation of the duodenum?

It is carried dorsally with the bile duct Signup and view all the answers

Which duct develops into the main pancreatic duct?

Dorsal pancreatic duct Signup and view all the answers

What happens initially to the dorsal and ventral pancreatic ducts?

They open separately Signup and view all the answers

Which structure persists as the accessory pancreatic duct?

Proximal part of the dorsal duct Signup and view all the answers

What is the origin of the parenchyma of the pancreas?

Endoderm Signup and view all the answers

During histogenesis, from what do pancreatic acini begin to develop?

Cell clusters around primordial pancreatic ducts Signup and view all the answers

What occurs between the dorsal and ventral duct during development?

Connections appear between them Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chief Cells (Zymogenic Cells)

Predominant in the lower region of gastric tubular glands, specifically in the basal half of gastric glands in the body and fundus.
Ultrastructure shows abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) in basal cytoplasm and numerous apical zymogen granules.
Zymogen granules contain inactive enzymes: pepsinogens and gastric lipase.
Pepsinogen is converted to the active proteolytic enzyme pepsin upon contact with acidic gastric juice.
Basophilic cytoplasm is due to extensive RER presence.

Enteroendocrine Cells

Scattered in the base of gastric glands; two main types identified: "closed" and "open."
"Closed" type lacks direct contact with glandular lumen; "open" type interfaces with lumen.
Difficult to identify with routine preparations; revealed via electron micrographs.
Contains small membrane-bound secretory vesicles in basal cytoplasm for hormone storage.
Hormonal secretions regulate peristalsis, digestive enzyme secretion, and satiation after meals.

Microvilli

Each absorptive cell has about 3000 microvilli, significantly increasing surface area by 20-30 fold.
1 mm² of intestinal mucosa contains approximately 200 million microvilli.
Microvilli are coated with glycocalyx which contains essential brush-border enzymes like lactase and lipase.

Crypts of Lieberkühn

Simple tubular glands within the intestinal mucosa that extend from the muscularis mucosa to the intestinal lumen.
Responsible for producing digestive enzymes and secreting intestinal juices.

Duodenal (Brunner's) Glands

Compound branched tubular mucous glands located in the submucosa of the upper duodenum.
Excretory ducts open into the intestinal crypts, releasing alkaline secretions (pH 8.1–9.3) to neutralize chyme.
Protects mucous membranes and creates optimal pH levels for pancreatic enzymes.

Development of the Stomach

The stomach undergoes a 90-degree clockwise rotation around its longitudinal axis during enlargement.
The dorsal border (greater curvature) grows faster than the ventral border (lesser curvature).
Vagal innervation results from the stomach's rotation: the left vagus nerve supplies the anterior wall while the right vagus innervates the posterior wall.

Mesenteries of the Stomach

The stomach is anchored to the dorsal abdominal wall via a dorsal mesentery, which later diminishes, fixing the duodenum and pancreas in retroperitoneal positions.

Development of the Liver and Biliary Apparatus

The hepatic diverticulum is a ventral outgrowth from the foregut during the fourth week of development.
Divided into two parts: the larger cranial part (pars hepatica) primordium of the liver and the smaller caudal part (pars cystica) forming the gallbladder and cystic duct.

Pancreas Development and Duct System

Initially, dorsal and ventral pancreatic ducts open separately, later forming connections.
The main pancreatic duct develops from the dorsal duct, while the proximal part of the dorsal duct remains as the accessory pancreatic duct.
Basic cellular tissue derives from endoderm of pancreatic buds, with acini developing from cell clusters at primordial duct ends.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the structure and function of chief cells, also known as zymogenic cells, in the gastric glands. This quiz covers their location, characteristics, and the role of pepsinogens in digestion. Perfect for students studying anatomy and physiology.