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What is the primary role of HCl secreted by the stomach?
What is the primary role of HCl secreted by the stomach?
Which substance neutralizes unneutralized H+ in the duodenum?
Which substance neutralizes unneutralized H+ in the duodenum?
What effect does unneutralized H+ have on gastric emptying?
What effect does unneutralized H+ have on gastric emptying?
How does hypertonicity in the duodenum affect gastric emptying?
How does hypertonicity in the duodenum affect gastric emptying?
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What condition leads to the inhibition of gastric emptying related to distension?
What condition leads to the inhibition of gastric emptying related to distension?
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Where are the primary cells that secrete gastric juice located?
Where are the primary cells that secrete gastric juice located?
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What is the consequence of water moving towards unabsorbed amino acids and glucose in the duodenum?
What is the consequence of water moving towards unabsorbed amino acids and glucose in the duodenum?
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What effect do pancreatic enzymes have when affected by unneutralized H+?
What effect do pancreatic enzymes have when affected by unneutralized H+?
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In which part of the stomach are gastric pits primarily located?
In which part of the stomach are gastric pits primarily located?
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What is the main function of gastrin in the gastric secretory process?
What is the main function of gastrin in the gastric secretory process?
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Which gastric cell type is responsible for secreting hydrochloric acid (HCl)?
Which gastric cell type is responsible for secreting hydrochloric acid (HCl)?
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What does pepsinogen convert to when it comes into contact with hydrochloric acid?
What does pepsinogen convert to when it comes into contact with hydrochloric acid?
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What type of cells line the gastric pits and are responsible for secreting mucus?
What type of cells line the gastric pits and are responsible for secreting mucus?
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What is the role of enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells in the gastric glands?
What is the role of enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells in the gastric glands?
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What triggers the release of gastrin from G cells?
What triggers the release of gastrin from G cells?
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Where are the chief cells primarily located in the gastric glands?
Where are the chief cells primarily located in the gastric glands?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the gastric secretory cells?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the gastric secretory cells?
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What substance do D cells secrete in the gastric system?
What substance do D cells secrete in the gastric system?
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What type of secretion do mucous cells produce?
What type of secretion do mucous cells produce?
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What is the primary effect of gastric contractions against a closed pyloric sphincter?
What is the primary effect of gastric contractions against a closed pyloric sphincter?
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Which substances stimulate parietal cell H+ secretion?
Which substances stimulate parietal cell H+ secretion?
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What can cause peptic ulcers related to the gastric mucosal barrier?
What can cause peptic ulcers related to the gastric mucosal barrier?
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During which phase does the majority of gastric secretion occur?
During which phase does the majority of gastric secretion occur?
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What happens to the gastric rugae during receptive relaxation?
What happens to the gastric rugae during receptive relaxation?
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How does the presence of acid in the duodenum affect gastric emptying?
How does the presence of acid in the duodenum affect gastric emptying?
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What is the primary function of somatostatin in relation to gastric secretions?
What is the primary function of somatostatin in relation to gastric secretions?
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Which cells are primarily responsible for the secretion of hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the stomach?
Which cells are primarily responsible for the secretion of hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the stomach?
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Which of the following substances is a proton pump inhibitor?
Which of the following substances is a proton pump inhibitor?
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What effect do agonists such as Ach and Gastrin have on gastric secretions?
What effect do agonists such as Ach and Gastrin have on gastric secretions?
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Which of the following best describes the role of cAMP in HCl secretion by parietal cells?
Which of the following best describes the role of cAMP in HCl secretion by parietal cells?
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What is the mechanism by which Omeprazole exerts its effect on gastric acid secretion?
What is the mechanism by which Omeprazole exerts its effect on gastric acid secretion?
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Which secretion is primarily stimulated by gastrin?
Which secretion is primarily stimulated by gastrin?
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The inhibition of which component does somatostatin affect?
The inhibition of which component does somatostatin affect?
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Which cells secrete pepsinogen in the gastric mucosa?
Which cells secrete pepsinogen in the gastric mucosa?
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What does histamine do in the context of gastric secretion?
What does histamine do in the context of gastric secretion?
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What is the primary role of HCl in digestion?
What is the primary role of HCl in digestion?
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Which gastric secretory cell is responsible for producing pepsinogen?
Which gastric secretory cell is responsible for producing pepsinogen?
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In what environment does pepsin work most effectively?
In what environment does pepsin work most effectively?
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What is an autocatalytic process in the context of pepsin?
What is an autocatalytic process in the context of pepsin?
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What is one of the functions of HCl during the digestive process?
What is one of the functions of HCl during the digestive process?
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Which component primarily initiates protein digestion in the stomach?
Which component primarily initiates protein digestion in the stomach?
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What is the effect of gastrin on gastric secretions?
What is the effect of gastrin on gastric secretions?
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Which of the following best describes the role of pepsinogen in digestion?
Which of the following best describes the role of pepsinogen in digestion?
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How does pepsin contribute to the digestive process in conjunction with HCl?
How does pepsin contribute to the digestive process in conjunction with HCl?
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What is a consequence of HCl's ability to kill microorganisms in ingested food?
What is a consequence of HCl's ability to kill microorganisms in ingested food?
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Study Notes
Gastric Emptying Regulation
- Acidic chyme enters the duodenum, where it's neutralized by sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) secreted from the pancreas.
- Unneutralized hydrogen ions (H+) in the duodenum:
- Inhibit gastric emptying until complete neutralization occurs.
- Inactivate pancreatic enzymes.
Duodenal Factors that Regulate Gastric Emptying
-
Hypertonicity in the duodenum:
- Occurs when the absorption rate of amino acids and glucose falls behind protein and carbohydrate digestion.
- Increased osmolarity in the duodenum draws water into the lumen.
- This reflexively inhibits gastric emptying to allow the duodenum time to catch up.
-
Distension of the duodenum by chyme:
- Inhibits gastric emptying, giving the duodenum time to process the incoming food.
Gastric Digestive Juice: Cells & Secretion
- The stomach secretes gastric juice, containing enzymes and acids.
- The gastric mucosa has two areas: the oxyntic mucosa and the pyloric gland area.
- Oxyntic mucosa is found in the body and fundus of the stomach.
- Pyloric gland area is found in the antrum of the stomach.
Gastric Secretory Cells
-
Oxyntic Glands (found in the body and fundus):
- Surface epithelial cells: Cover the gastric mucosa.
- Mucous cells: Line the gastric pits and secrete thin, watery mucus.
- Chief cells: Line deeper parts of the gastric glands and secrete pepsinogen.
- Parietal (oxyntic) cells: Line deeper parts of the gastric glands and secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl).
- Enterochomaffin-like (ECL) cells: Found in gastric glands and secrete histamine.
-
Pyloric gland area:
- G cells: Located in the antrum and secrete gastrin in response to eating.
- D cells: Secrete somatostatin, which inhibits HCl secretion, gastrin release, and histamine release.
Gastrin Actions
-
Stimulates:
- H+ secretion from parietal cells.
- Growth of gastric mucosa (trophic effect).
HCl Secretion by Parietal Cells
- Parietal cells secrete HCl via a proton pump (H+/K+ ATPase).
- Omeprazole is a proton pump inhibitor that blocks this pump.
- HCl secretion is regulated by agonists:
- Acetylcholine (ACh)
- Gastrin
- Histamine
- Prilosec inhibits H+/K+ ATPase.
Functions of HCl
- Activates pepsinogen to pepsin.
- Aids in breaking down connective tissue and proteins.
- Kills most microorganisms ingested with food.
Pepsinogen
- Pepsinogen is secreted in an inactive form into the gastric lumen.
- HCl cleaves pepsinogen, converting it to active pepsin.
- Pepsin acts on other pepsinogens to produce more pepsin (autocatalytic process).
- Pepsin initiates protein digestion by splitting some amino acid linkages into peptides.
Gastric Mucosal Barrier (GMB)
- Protects the stomach lining from the damaging effects of HCl and pepsin.
- A broken GMB can lead to peptic ulcers, which can be caused by excessive NSAID use.
True/False Statements
- The stomach can accommodate increased volume due to receptive relaxation, which flattens rugae and allows increased volume without a change in pressure.
- The presence of acid in the duodenum slows down gastric emptying.
- Histamine, gastrin, and acetylcholine all stimulate parietal cell H+ secretion.
- Gastric contractions propel chyme against a closed pyloric sphincter, resulting in retropulsion, which mixes chyme and further breaks down food particles.
- Pepsinogen is secreted in its inactive form.
- Most gastric secretion occurs during the gastric phase.
- Peptic ulcers can be caused by a broken GMB due to excessive NSAID use.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the regulation of gastric emptying and the factors from the duodenum that influence this process. Dive into how acidic chyme and osmolarity affect digestion and gastric juice secretion. This quiz is designed for those studying digestive physiology.
