Gastric Disorders Study

Inflammation of the stomach lining (mucosa).

Loss of stomach lining, but does not go through the muscular layer.

Breakdown of stomach lining going through the muscular layer.

Short-term inflammation with neutrophil infiltration.

Long-term inflammation with lymphocytes/plasma cells/macrophages.

Symptoms of gastritis like nausea, vomiting, pain etc.

Often due to mucosal damage from acid.

Autoimmune disorders and H. Pylori bacteria.

Caused by excessive acid production or loss of stomach lining protection.

Acute gastritis caused by NSAID use, which inhibits prostaglandin production, increasing acid and reducing protective mucus.

Acute gastritis caused by direct damage to the stomach lining by alcohol.

Acute gastritis caused by chemotherapy drugs hindering stomach lining cell growth, reducing protection .

Acute gastritis caused by bacterial infection, leading to inflammation, though it often links to chronic problems.

Acute stomach ulcer caused by decreased blood flow to the stomach, often in burn patients.

Acute stomach ulcer caused by increased intracranial pressure, leading to excessive acid production.

Acute stomach ulcers caused by shock, sepsis, or trauma, leading to reduced blood flow to the stomach.

Stomach cells that secrete acid.

Substances that inhibit acid production and promote mucus/bicarb production, protecting the stomach.

An autoimmune disease leading to chronic stomach inflammation.

Chronic stomach inflammation due to H. pylori.

Normal blood flow is essential to maintain the stomach lining and its protective layers.

Stomach lining protection; they protect from acid.

Chronic gastritis caused by the immune system attacking and destroying the stomach's parietal cells.

Stomach cells that produce intrinsic factor, crucial for vitamin B12 absorption.

A protein produced by parietal cells that binds to vitamin B12 for absorption.

Anemia caused by vitamin B12 deficiency due to lack of intrinsic factor.

Bacteria that causes chronic gastritis, often in the stomach antrum.

Produces an alkaline environment to protect itself from stomach acid using the enzyme urease.

H. pylori enzyme that hydrolyzes urea to make ammonia, creating an alkaline environment.

A diagnostic test for H. pylori infection that detects labeled CO2 exhaled.

Rare B-cell cancer linked to H. pylori infection.

The lower part of the stomach, often affected by H. pylori infection.

Combination of drugs used to eradicate H. pylori, a combination of a proton pump inhibitor and two antibiotics.

Stomach cancer linked to both chronic gastritis types (autoimmune and H. pylori).

Diagnostic method for H. pylori, detecting bacterial antigens in stool samples.

Long-term stomach inflammation targeting parietal cells, often associated with pernicious anemia.

Long-term inflammation that can lead to stomach cancer.

Approximately 20% of patients taking triple therapy for H. pylori infection do not respond.

Autoimmune form of chronic gastritis affecting the body and fundus of the stomach.

Chronic gastritis caused by H. pylori bacteria located in the antrum of the stomach

Stomach tissue transforming into intestinal-like tissue in chronic gastritis.

The condition of Stomach tissue changing to intestinal-like tissue with stomach-lining atrophy from chronic inflammation

Presence of goblet cells in stomach biopsies, an indicator of intestinal metaplasia in chronic gastritis.

Ulcers commonly found in the proximal duodenum (90%) and the stomach antrum (10%).

H. pylori infection can increase stomach acid secretion, damaging the stomach or duodenum lining.

NSAIDs are a risk factor for peptic ulcer disease due to damaging the protective stomach lining.

Smoking is linked to peptic ulcer disease, although the mechanism isn't fully understood.

H. pylori is the most frequent cause of duodenal ulcers due to increased acid production.

Rare cause of duodenal ulcers arising from a gastrin-secreting tumor resulting in acid production that impacts the distal duodenum and jejunum

Duodenal ulcer pain often improves after eating due to bicarb release neutralizing acid.

Ulcers, especially gastric ulcers, can be a potential indicator of cancer and should be carefully examined.

Sore in the duodenum lining, mostly benign.

Glands in duodenum submucosa that produce alkaline fluid to neutralize stomach acid.

Duodenal ulcers located on the back of the duodenum, linked to complications like bleeding and pancreatitis.

Bleeding above the ligament of Treitz.

Bleeding in the upper GI tract, resulting in hematemesis or melena.

Breaking through the wall of a duodenal or gastric ulcer.

Ulcers in the stomach, less common than duodenal ulcers, often linked to severe consequences.

Commonly occur on the lesser curvature of the stomach.

Pain is typically worse with meals due to increased stomach acid exposure in the stomach.

70% of gastric ulcers are associated with H.Pylori infection; unlike duodenal ulcers.

Can be caused by Gastric adenocarcinoma causing more worry.

Treating H. pylori infection and administering proton pump inhibitors.

Artery that runs along the lesser curvature of the stomach that can be bled with a gastric ulcer.

Bleeding below the ligament of Treitz.

PPIs are often used to treat dyspepsia symptoms (like heartburn, indigestion) because they treat ulcers, GERD, and gastritis, avoiding an endoscopy for a simpler workup.

A serious stomach cancer, usually adenocarcinoma, often asymptomatic until advanced stages.

If diagnosed early and non-invasive, gastric cancer has a high 5-year survival rate (around 95%).

If discovered at later stages (with symptoms developing), 5-year survival drops to 15%.

Looks like a large ulcer with regular margins, similar to colon cancer, often due to intestinal metaplasia (related to H. pylori or autoimmune gastritis).

Stomach is diffusely thickened, not ulcer-like. Less common, and has few established risk factors, but can affect healthy people.

Gastric cancer is more common in older men, making this a major risk factor demographic.

Smoking is linked to gastric cancer like other cancers.

Studies have shown inconsistent results on links between alcohol and gastric cancer; Alcohol can cause gastritis, but their link is weak.

Nitrosamines, especially NDMA (found in processed meats), are linked to gastric cancer, based on case-control studies.

Type A blood is linked with a potentially increased risk of autoimmune gastritis and then subsequent gastric cancer, the mechanism isn't clear.

A characteristic feature of diffuse stomach cancer, formed by mucin pushing the cell's nucleus to the side, creating a signet ring-like appearance in biopsies.

Liver is a common site for stomach cancer metastasis, along with other abdominal malignancies.

Skin condition: hyper pigmented plaques, potentially connected to certain malignancies, like stomach cancer.

Dark, velvety patches of skin, often associated with insulin resistance and rarely with malignancy, particularly gastric adenocarcinoma.

Sudden appearance of multiple seborrheic keratoses, suggesting possible gastric carcinoma.

Enlarged left supraclavicular lymph node, a serious sign of possible metastatic gastric cancer.

Palpable nodule near the belly button, indicating stomach cancer metastasis to the periumbilical region.

Ovarian tumor due to metastasis from another site, most commonly the stomach.

Acquired stomach disorder with excessive mucus production, leading to protein loss and hypoalbuminemia-related symptoms.

Rare group of disorders causing enlarged stomach folds due to mucus cell hyperplasia. Menetrier's is one example.

Upset stomach and epigastric pain, often with no identifiable organic cause (functional dyspepsia).

Weight loss, early satiety, new onset dyspepsia and old age: these suggest a need for immediate endoscopy.

Bacteria that could cause chronic gastritis and linked to stomach disorders.

Direct examination of the stomach and esophagus using a camera, used for diagnosing gastric problems.

Drugs that inhibit acid production in the stomach, treating conditions like heartburn, gastritis and ulcers.

Stomach cancer.