Gastric Acid and Nutrient Absorption Quiz

Study Notes

Sodium (Na+) and Chloride (Cl-) are absorbed in the duodenum, jejunum, and terminal ileum.
Glutamine and Bicarbonate (HCO3-) are absorbed in the terminal ileum.
Na+ is absorbed in the colon.

Sodium-glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT-1) and Glucose transporter 2 (Glu-2) are involved in glucose absorption.
Hydrogen (H+) and amino acid (AA) countertransport and Sodium (Na+) and AA co-transportation are crucial for amino acid absorption.
Fatty acid and diacylglycerol are digested to form triglycerides.
Fatty acids, diacylglycerol, and bile salts form micelles, where apolipoprotein APO-A helps in emulsification.

The liver metabolizes nutrients, including protein synthesis (albumin), hormone and precursor synthesis, enzyme synthesis, acute phase reactant synthesis, and coagulation factor synthesis.
It converts lipoproteins.
Removes endogenous and exogenous toxins.
Secretes bile for fat absorption.

Obesity occurs when caloric intake surpasses caloric expenditure.
Adiponectin, a hormone produced by adipose tissue, plays a role in regulating energy metabolism and insulin sensitivity.

Gastric acid secretion is stimulated by the vagus nerve, gastrin, and histamine.
The vagus nerve stimulates acid secretion through the release of acetylcholine, which activates parietal cells in the stomach.
Gastrin, a hormone produced by G cells in the stomach, stimulates acid secretion by binding to parietal cells.
Histamine, a neurotransmitter released by mast cells and enterochromaffin-like cells in the stomach, also stimulates acid secretion by binding to parietal cells.

The small intestine absorbs water, electrolytes, and nutrients.
The duodenum, jejunum, and terminal ileum each play a role in fluid and electrolyte absorption, with different mechanisms for sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate transport.
The colon also absorbs water and electrolytes, with sodium and chloride being the primary ions absorbed.
The terminal colon is also responsible for sodium absorption.

The small intestine is the primary site of nutrient digestion and absorption.
Glucose and galactose are absorbed through the SGLT-1 transporter, while fructose is absorbed through the GLUT-2 transporter.
Amino acids are absorbed through the sodium-dependent cotransporter (Na+:AA) and the proton-dependent countertransporter (H+:AA).
Fats are absorbed through emulsification by bile salts, which form micelles that allow for the absorption of fatty acids and monoglycerides.

The liver plays a crucial role in metabolism, detoxification, and bile production.
The liver is responsible for the synthesis of albumin, hormones, enzymes, acute-phase reactants, and coagulation factors.
The liver also converts lipoproteins and detoxifies both endogenous and exogenous toxins.
The liver secretes bile, which aids in the absorption of fat in the small intestine.

The pancreas is responsible for the secretion of digestive enzymes and hormones, including insulin and glucagon.
Pancreatic enzymes, such as lipase, amylase, and protease, are essential for the digestion of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins, respectively.
Insulin, a hormone released by the pancreas, regulates blood glucose levels by promoting glucose uptake and storage.
Glucagon, another pancreatic hormone, raises blood glucose levels by stimulating glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis.

Obesity is a complex condition characterized by an imbalance between caloric intake and expenditure.
Excessive caloric intake leads to energy storage as fat, contributing to weight gain.
Adiponectin, a hormone produced by adipose tissue, plays a role in regulating insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism.
Low levels of adiponectin are associated with increased risk of obesity and related metabolic disorders.