Gases Equilibration and Partial Pressure in Anesthesia
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Questions and Answers

What is the driving force for movement of anesthetic agent into the blood?

  • Blood solubility
  • Alveolar to mixed venous partial pressure difference (correct)
  • Cardiac output
  • Concentration gradient

    • How does increasing cardiac output affect the rate of rise of the anesthetic agent FA/FI?

  • Has no effect on the rise of FA/FI
  • Slows down the rise of FA/FI (correct)
  • Stops the rise of FA/FI
  • Speeds up the rise of FA/FI

    • What factor decreases the volume in the volume/flow equation, resulting in a shorter time constant for the rise of FA/FI?

  • Low blood solubility
  • Decreased FRC (correct)
  • Increased alveolar ventilation
  • High fresh gas flows

    • How does overpressurization affect the rate of rise of the anesthetic agent FA/FI?

    <p>Speeds up the rise of FA/FI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is clinically insignificant with volatiles but makes a difference with agents given in high concentrations like nitrous oxide?

    <p>Concentration effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor initially produces a rapid change in PA-PV, resulting in a rapid reduction in PA-PV and a greater change in FA/FI?

    <p>Increased alveolar to mixed venous partial pressure difference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is typically described as the ratio of FA/FA0?

    <p>FA0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the washout of anesthetic happen much more rapidly with desflurane, sevoflurane, and N2O?

    <p>Due to decreased solubility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required for emergence during recovery from anesthesia?

    <p>80-90% reduction in FA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the washout of nitrous oxide, what can potentially worsen due to hypoxia?

    <p>Respiratory drive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during Stage II of anesthesia described in Miller's stages?

    <p>Eyelash reflex reappears</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main factor that leads to washout of large volumes of nitrous oxide causing diffusion hypoxia?

    <p>Reduction in alveolar partial pressures of oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why washout of less-soluble inhaled anesthetics is more rapid than that of more-soluble agents?

    <p>Faster diffusion across alveoli to blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the vapor pressure of a volatile anesthetic relate to temperature?

    <p>Is directly proportional to temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the boiling point of an anesthetic indicate?

    <p>The energy required for conversion to vapor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of an anesthetic vaporizer?

    <p>To allow transfer of the anesthetic to the vaporizer without atmospheric exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At equilibrium, what is true about the partial pressure of inhaled anesthetics in alveoli, blood, and CNS (central nervous system)?

    <p>They are all equal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can anesthetizing concentrations of volatile anesthetic be rapidly achieved in the CNS?

    <p>Rapid delivery and removal from lungs compared to metabolism and redistribution effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the rate of induction of inhaled anesthetic and the ratio of FA to FI?

    <p>They are directly proportional</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is FA defined in the context of measuring the concentration of inhaled anesthetic in the brain?

    <p>FA = PA/Pbarometric</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which formula represents how the concentration of a substance in a given volume approaches that of the flow entering it according to first-order kinetics?

    <p>FI = FFGO(1-e-T/τ)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the time constant (τ) represent in the context of volume and flow?

    <p>It represents volume divided by flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the example given with a flow rate of 2 l/min and a volume of 8 liters, how long would it take to achieve a 95% change in concentration based on the time constant?

    <p>12 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most effective method mentioned to increase the rate of rise of FA/FI?

    <p>Decrease the time constant by increasing the flow rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does respiratory depression impact the rate of rise of FA?

    <p>Decreases the rate of rise of FA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does reducing cardiac output have on the rate of rise of FA/FI?

    <p>Increases the rate of rise of FA/FI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of cardiovascular depression related to high concentrations of volatile agents?

    <p>Increases the alveolar partial pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when there is a right-to-left shunt in terms of FA and arterial partial pressure?

    <p>Increase in FA and decrease in arterial partial pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of metabolic pathways being rapidly saturated for inhalation anesthetics?

    <p>Minimal metabolism of the drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the pharmacokinetics of inhalational agents best described according to the text?

    <p>5 compartment model</p> Signup and view all the answers

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