30 Questions
What is the driving force for movement of anesthetic agent into the blood?
Alveolar to mixed venous partial pressure difference
How does increasing cardiac output affect the rate of rise of the anesthetic agent FA/FI?
Slows down the rise of FA/FI
What factor decreases the volume in the volume/flow equation, resulting in a shorter time constant for the rise of FA/FI?
Decreased FRC
How does overpressurization affect the rate of rise of the anesthetic agent FA/FI?
Speeds up the rise of FA/FI
What is clinically insignificant with volatiles but makes a difference with agents given in high concentrations like nitrous oxide?
Concentration effect
Which factor initially produces a rapid change in PA-PV, resulting in a rapid reduction in PA-PV and a greater change in FA/FI?
Increased alveolar to mixed venous partial pressure difference
What is typically described as the ratio of FA/FA0?
FA0
Why does the washout of anesthetic happen much more rapidly with desflurane, sevoflurane, and N2O?
Due to decreased solubility
What is required for emergence during recovery from anesthesia?
80-90% reduction in FA
During the washout of nitrous oxide, what can potentially worsen due to hypoxia?
Respiratory drive
What happens during Stage II of anesthesia described in Miller's stages?
Eyelash reflex reappears
What is the main factor that leads to washout of large volumes of nitrous oxide causing diffusion hypoxia?
Reduction in alveolar partial pressures of oxygen
What is the main reason why washout of less-soluble inhaled anesthetics is more rapid than that of more-soluble agents?
Faster diffusion across alveoli to blood
How does the vapor pressure of a volatile anesthetic relate to temperature?
Is directly proportional to temperature
What does the boiling point of an anesthetic indicate?
The energy required for conversion to vapor
What is the function of an anesthetic vaporizer?
To allow transfer of the anesthetic to the vaporizer without atmospheric exposure
At equilibrium, what is true about the partial pressure of inhaled anesthetics in alveoli, blood, and CNS (central nervous system)?
They are all equal
Why can anesthetizing concentrations of volatile anesthetic be rapidly achieved in the CNS?
Rapid delivery and removal from lungs compared to metabolism and redistribution effects
What is the relationship between the rate of induction of inhaled anesthetic and the ratio of FA to FI?
They are directly proportional
How is FA defined in the context of measuring the concentration of inhaled anesthetic in the brain?
FA = PA/Pbarometric
Which formula represents how the concentration of a substance in a given volume approaches that of the flow entering it according to first-order kinetics?
FI = FFGO(1-e-T/τ)
What does the time constant (τ) represent in the context of volume and flow?
It represents volume divided by flow
In the example given with a flow rate of 2 l/min and a volume of 8 liters, how long would it take to achieve a 95% change in concentration based on the time constant?
12 minutes
What is the most effective method mentioned to increase the rate of rise of FA/FI?
Decrease the time constant by increasing the flow rate
How does respiratory depression impact the rate of rise of FA?
Decreases the rate of rise of FA
What effect does reducing cardiac output have on the rate of rise of FA/FI?
Increases the rate of rise of FA/FI
What is a consequence of cardiovascular depression related to high concentrations of volatile agents?
Increases the alveolar partial pressure
What occurs when there is a right-to-left shunt in terms of FA and arterial partial pressure?
Increase in FA and decrease in arterial partial pressure
What is the impact of metabolic pathways being rapidly saturated for inhalation anesthetics?
Minimal metabolism of the drug
How are the pharmacokinetics of inhalational agents best described according to the text?
5 compartment model
Learn about how gases equilibrate based on partial pressure and not concentration in anesthesia. Understand the concept of partial pressure and its role in the exchange of gases between alveoli and blood. Explore the relationship between solubility in blood and the rate at which partial pressures equalize.
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