Gases and Gas Laws Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Why is it important to decrease sulfur in fuel?

It increases the overall efficiency of the fuel.

It produces a significant amount of energy.

It causes more complete combustion.

It produces SO2, which is a toxic gas. (correct)

What is the molar mass of CO2 produced from the complete combustion of carbon?

12 g/mol

60 g/mol

32 g/mol

44 g/mol (correct)

In the balanced equation C2H6+(7/2)O2=>2CO2+3H2O, what is the mole ratio of C2H6 to CO2?

1:2 (correct)

2:2

1:3

2:3

How much oxygen is needed for the complete combustion of 1 kg of carbon based on the given calculations?

8/3 kg Signup and view all the answers

Which equation best represents the combustion of ethanol (C3H7OH)?

C3H7OH + 9O2 => 3CO2 + 4H2O Signup and view all the answers

What relationship does Boyle's law describe?

The relationship between volume and pressure at constant temperature and moles Signup and view all the answers

In Charles's law, which two variables are directly proportional?

Volume and temperature Signup and view all the answers

What does Avogadro's law state about the volume of a gas?

Volume is directly proportional to the amount of gas in moles Signup and view all the answers

What does the ideal gas law equation represent?

The combined relationship of pressure, volume, and temperature Signup and view all the answers

When considering Dalton's law for partial pressure, how is the total pressure calculated?

By adding the partial pressures of all gases present Signup and view all the answers

Under what conditions do ideal gases accurately represent real gases?

At low pressure and high temperature Signup and view all the answers

In the combined gas law, if the temperature increases while pressure remains constant, how is volume affected?

Volume increases Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the constant R in the ideal gas law?

To relate pressure, volume, and temperature under specific conditions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the rotary kiln's inclined design?

To allow raw materials to slide down slowly Signup and view all the answers

What reaction occurs in the calcination zone of the rotary kiln?

Conversion of limestone to lime and carbon dioxide Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the relevance of iron oxide (Fe2O3) in cement production?

It acts as a fluxing material and is essential in clinker formation Signup and view all the answers

Why is complete combustion preferred over incomplete combustion?

It produces less toxic carbon monoxide Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary material used in the grinding process before cement production?

Clay and limestone Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the pre-heating zone of the rotary kiln?

Evaporation of physical and chemical water Signup and view all the answers

What temperature range defines the burning zone in the rotary kiln?

1000-1500°C Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of gypsum added during the final grinding of cement?

To regulate the setting time of cement Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of deviation from ideal gas behavior?

Neglecting the volume of molecules Signup and view all the answers

Which type of corrosion occurs due to a direct chemical reaction with the environment?

Chemical corrosion Signup and view all the answers

In an electrochemical cell, what is the role of the anode?

Loses electrons Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is NOT mentioned as affecting corrosion?

Material density Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula to calculate the effusion velocity of a gas?

$u = rac{3RT}{M}$ Signup and view all the answers

Which type of corrosion is primarily caused by mechanical wear and chemical reactions?

Erosion-corrosion Signup and view all the answers

What protective measure can be taken to reduce the likelihood of galvanic corrosion?

Select appropriate materials Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the process of gas diffusion?

Gradual mixing of different gases Signup and view all the answers

In rusting, what happens at the cathode with oxygen-rich non-acidic conditions?

Oxygen combines with hydrogen ions Signup and view all the answers

Which type of coating involves a more active metal covering a less active one?

Anodic coating Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Gases

Factors affecting gas behavior:
- Temperature (T) (K) = (°C + 273)
- Pressure (P) (atm) = 760 torr (mmHg) or 1.01325 x 10⁵ Pa (N/m²)
- Volume (V) (liters)
- Number of moles (n) (moles) = (mass/molar mass)
Gas laws:
- Boyle's law: Studies the relationship between volume (V) and pressure (P) when temperature (T) and the number of moles (n) are constant. Volume and pressure are inversely proportional (V α 1/P).
  P₁V₁ = P₂V₂
- Charles's law: Studies the relationship between volume (V) and temperature (T) when pressure (P) and the number of moles (n) are constant. Volume and temperature are directly proportional (V α T). V₁/T₁ = V₂/T₂
- Avogadro's law: Studies the relationship between volume (V) and the number of moles (n) when pressure (P) and temperature (T) are constant. Volume and the number of moles are directly proportional (V α n). n₁/V₁ = n₂/V₂
- Ideal gas law: PV = nRT (where R is the ideal gas constant = 0.08206 liter⋅atm/mol⋅K)
- Combined gas law: P₁V₁/T₁ = P₂V₂/T₂

Corrosion

Corrosion: Destruction of material properties due to reaction with the environment.
Types of Corrosion:
- Chemical (dry, direct, gas)
- Electrochemical (indirect, wet)
Electrochemical Cell:
- Electrolytic: Changes electrical energy to chemical energy (non-spontaneous)
- Galvanic: Changes chemical energy to electrical energy (spontaneous)
Factors affecting corrosion:
- Air (moisture, humidity, temperature, pollution)
- Water (temperature, pollution, salts)
- Soil (pollution, salts, water, gases)
- Gas (acidity [SOx, NOx, H₂S])
Activity series: A list of metals ordered by their tendency to lose electrons in a redox reaction. Those higher on the list are more easily oxidized (more active).
Types of Corrosion:
- Uniform corrosion
  - Atmospheric corrosion
  - Factors affecting (type of environment, temperature, time, type of material, surface condition, oxide layer)
- Non-uniform corrosion
  - Erosion corrosion:
    - Factors affecting (turbulence, suspended solids, hardness)
  - Stress corrosion cracking
    - Factors affecting (time, stress, type of surrounding, type of metal)
- Galvanic corrosion: Occurs when two dissimilar metals are in contact in a corrosive environment.
  - Factors affecting (potential difference, distance from contact point, area cathode/anode)
Rusting of Iron:
- Anode: Fe → Fe²⁺ + 2e⁻
- Cathode: O₂ + 2H₂O + 4e⁻ → 4OH⁻
- Equation: 2Fe + O₂ + 2H₂O → 2Fe(OH)₂ (Further oxidation forms rust, Fe₂O₃•xH₂O)

Corrosion Protection

Methods:
- Material Selection
- Design (avoid galvanic corrosion, stress corrosion cracking, atmospheric corrosion)
- Coating (anodic: more active metal covers a less active one; cathodic: less active metal covers a more active one)

Concrete and Cement

Components: Sand, rock, water, and cement
Cement:
- Clay (Al₂O₃ ⋅ 2SiO₂ ⋅ 2H₂O)
- Limestone (CaCO₃)
Cement Manufacturing Process:
- Crushing limestone, grinding limestone (in a ball mill), storing and mixing limestone and clay in silos, preheating zone(400–700°C), calcination zone (700–1000°C), burning zone (1000–1500°C), adding Gypsum, cooling

Rotary Kiln

Properties: Inclined at 3-6 degrees, rotates to prevent material coagulation, has a fan to remove unwanted gases
Zones of Rotary Kiln:
- Drying zone (100-400°C): evaporates physical water
- Pre-heating zone (400–700°C): evaporates chemical water, decomposition of clay (Al₂O₃ ⋅ 2SiO₂)
- Calcination zone (700–1000°C): decomposition of limestone (CaCO₃) to lime (CaO) and carbon dioxide (CO₂)
- Burning zone (1000–1500°C): reactions to form cement clinker

Fuel and Combustion

Fuels: Materials that combust or react with oxygen (O₂) to produce energy.
Main Combustion Reactions:
- Complete combustion: fuel + oxygen → carbon dioxide (CO₂) + energy
- Incomplete combustion: fuel + oxygen → carbon monoxide (CO) + energy (less energy and toxic)
Factors affecting fuel choice: energy produced, toxicity of products.
Importance of sulfur reduction in fuels: Sulfur forms toxic gases in combustion.
Calculating theoretical and actual air supply: Equations involve percentages of elements in the fuel and reactions.

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Description

Test your understanding of gases, their behaviors, and the fundamental gas laws that govern their properties. This quiz covers Boyle's law, Charles's law, Avogadro's law, and the Ideal gas law. Perfect for students studying chemistry concepts related to gases.