Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following factors contributes to the stabilization of biomolecules in an aqueous solution?
Which of the following factors contributes to the stabilization of biomolecules in an aqueous solution?
- The solvation shell of hydrogen-bonded water. (correct)
- Weakening of van der Waals forces.
- Decreased hydrophobic interactions
- Increased entropy of solute molecules.
In enzyme catalysis, what is the role of the enzyme's active site?
In enzyme catalysis, what is the role of the enzyme's active site?
- To provide a surface for the proper alignment of catalytic functional groups. (correct)
- To increase the entropy of reactants.
- To permanently bind to the substrate.
- To destabilize the transition state.
What is the significance of the Lineweaver-Burk plot in enzyme kinetics?
What is the significance of the Lineweaver-Burk plot in enzyme kinetics?
- It plots the reaction rate versus substrate concentration directly.
- It is used to determine the reaction equilibrium constant.
- It allows for the determination of $K_m$ and $V_{max}$ from a double reciprocal of the Michaelis-Menten equation. (correct)
- It directly gives the Michaelis-Menten constant ($K_m$) values.
Which amino acid possesses a positively charged side chain at physiological pH?
Which amino acid possesses a positively charged side chain at physiological pH?
Which amino acid is classified as nonpolar?
Which amino acid is classified as nonpolar?
Which of the following amino acids is classified as aromatic?
Which of the following amino acids is classified as aromatic?
Which amino acid is classified as basic?
Which amino acid is classified as basic?
Which amino acid contains a sulfur atom in its side chain but is still considered nonpolar?
Which amino acid contains a sulfur atom in its side chain but is still considered nonpolar?
Considering the properties of amino acids, which of the following is most likely to be found on the surface of a protein in an aqueous environment?
Considering the properties of amino acids, which of the following is most likely to be found on the surface of a protein in an aqueous environment?
Which of the following is considered an acidic amino acid?
Which of the following is considered an acidic amino acid?
Which of the following pair of amino acids can form a disulfide bond?
Which of the following pair of amino acids can form a disulfide bond?
What structural feature primarily determines whether an amino acid is classified as polar, nonpolar, acidic, or basic?
What structural feature primarily determines whether an amino acid is classified as polar, nonpolar, acidic, or basic?
Which amino acid would most likely be found in the transmembrane domain of a protein?
Which amino acid would most likely be found in the transmembrane domain of a protein?
Which statement best describes the behavior of polar amino acids in an aqueous solution?
Which statement best describes the behavior of polar amino acids in an aqueous solution?
Which amino acid is known to disrupt alpha-helices due to its unique cyclic structure?
Which amino acid is known to disrupt alpha-helices due to its unique cyclic structure?
In a protein, which amino acid is capable of forming a covalent cross-link that stabilizes the protein's tertiary structure?
In a protein, which amino acid is capable of forming a covalent cross-link that stabilizes the protein's tertiary structure?
How does the binding of a substrate to an enzyme's active site affect the enzyme's conformation?
How does the binding of a substrate to an enzyme's active site affect the enzyme's conformation?
Which amino acid is neither distinctly hydrophobic nor hydrophilic, and often plays a critical role in protein folding?
Which amino acid is neither distinctly hydrophobic nor hydrophilic, and often plays a critical role in protein folding?
Which of the following explains why histidine is often found in the active sites of enzymes?
Which of the following explains why histidine is often found in the active sites of enzymes?
Flashcards
Entropy of molecules in solution
Entropy of molecules in solution
Entropy refers to the measure of disorder or randomness of molecules in a solution.
Solvation shell
Solvation shell
This refers to the layer of hydrogen-bonded water molecules surrounding solutes in an aqueous solution, helping to stabilize the solution's components.
Substrate binding
Substrate binding
The process where substrates bind to the active site of an enzyme, facilitating a chemical reaction.
Catalytic alignment
Catalytic alignment
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Lineweaver-Burk Equation
Lineweaver-Burk Equation
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Nonpolar amino acids
Nonpolar amino acids
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Polar amino acids
Polar amino acids
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Aromatic amino acids
Aromatic amino acids
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Basic amino acids
Basic amino acids
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Acidic amino acids
Acidic amino acids
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Unpolar amino acids
Unpolar amino acids
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Study Notes
Gas Pressure
- Pressure is defined as force exerted per unit area.
- Pressure = Force / Area
- The pascal (Pa) is the SI unit of pressure.
- 1 Pa equals 1 N/m².
- A barometer measures atmospheric pressure.
The Gas Laws
Boyle's Law
- The volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure.
- V ∝ 1/P
- P₁V₁ = P₂V₂
Charles's Law
- The volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature.
- V ∝ T
- V₁/T₁ = V₂/T₂
Avogadro's Law
- The volume of a gas is directly proportional to the number of moles.
- V ∝ n
- V₁/n₁ = V₂/n₂
The Ideal Gas Law
Ideal Gas Law Equation
- PV = nRT
- R = 0.08206 (L·atm) / (mol·K)
- R = 8.314 J / (mol·K)
Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP)
- T = 0°C = 273.15 K
- P = 1 atm = 101.325 kPa
- Vₘ = 22.4 L/mol
Applications of the Ideal Gas Law
- n = m/M where n is the number of moles, m is mass, and M is molar mass.
- d = m/V where d is density, m is mass, and V is volume.
- PV = (m/M)RT
- P = (mRT) / (MV)
- P = d(RT/M)
- M = d(RT/P)
Gas Mixtures and Partial Pressures
- Partial pressure is the pressure each gas contributes in a mixture.
- P_T = P₁ + P₂ + P₃ + ...
- Pᵢ = XᵢP_T
- Xᵢ = nᵢ/n_T, where Xᵢ is the mole fraction.
Microscopic Model of Gases: The Kinetic Molecular Theory
- Particle size is negligibly small.
- Average kinetic energy is proportional to temperature in Kelvins.
- Collisions between particles or with container walls are completely elastic.
- KE = (3/2)RT, represents the average kinetic energy.
- u_rms = √(3RT/M), represents the root mean square speed.
Gas Diffusion and Effusion
- Diffusion is gas molecules spreading out in response to a concentration gradient.
- Effusion is gas escaping a container through a small hole.
- (Rate A) / (Rate B) = √(M_B / M_A)
Real Gases: Deviations from Ideal Behavior
- Van der Waals Equation accounts for real gas behavior
- [P + a(n/V)²](V − nb) = nRT
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