Gas Transport of O2 and CO2
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Questions and Answers

What effect does sudden decompression at 9000m altitude have on Hb saturation with oxygen?

  • Has no effect on Hb saturation levels
  • Drastically reduces Hb saturation with O2 (correct)
  • Increases Hb saturation due to higher PO2
  • Improves blood oxygenation despite low PO2

    • Which factor is primarily responsible for determining how much oxygen binds to hemoglobin?

  • PCO2 of the blood
  • PO2 of the blood (correct)
  • pH of the blood
  • Systemic blood pressure

    • How does a decrease in blood pH affect hemoglobin saturation with oxygen?

  • Changes Hb saturation only at high altitudes
  • Increases Hb saturation due to increased affinity
  • Decreases Hb saturation due to the Bohr effect (correct)
  • Has no effect on Hb saturation

    • In what way does increased carbon dioxide (PCO2) in the blood affect hemoglobin saturation?

    <p>Decreases Hb saturation by enhancing oxygen release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of oxygen (O2) is dissolved in the blood plasma?

    <p>2%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the majority form of carbon dioxide (CO2) transport in the blood?

    <p>As bicarbonate ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During high altitude conditions, what happens to the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) and hemoglobin saturation?

    <p>PO2 decreases, and Hb saturation decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of carbon dioxide transported as carbaminohemoglobin?

    <p>23%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between PO2 and % hemoglobin saturation during exercise?

    <p>Steep curve indicates small changes in PO2 cause large changes in Hb saturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents the least quantitatively important form of CO2 transport?

    <p>Carbonate ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiological process primarily occurs at the tissues during internal respiration?

    <p>Carbon dioxide release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the transport of O2 and CO2 in the blood?

    <p>O2 is primarily transported through Hb, while CO2 is mainly carried as bicarbonate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary process that occurs regarding bicarbonate ions in red blood cells during internal respiration?

    <p>Bicarbonate diffuses from RBCs into plasma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the chloride shift contribute to maintaining electrical neutrality in red blood cells?

    <p>Chloride ions move into the RBCs to counterbalance bicarbonate outflow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does an increase in carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions have on hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen during exercise?

    <p>Decreases hemoglobin's oxygen binding capacity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the Haldane effect?

    <p>Increased oxygen levels decrease hemoglobin’s carbon dioxide binding capacity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During external respiration at the lungs, what happens to the bicarbonate ions?

    <p>They move into RBCs and bind with hydrogen ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for the rapid conversion of carbon dioxide and water into carbonic acid in red blood cells?

    <p>Carbonic anhydrase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to carbonic acid as oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood during external respiration?

    <p>It converts back to bicarbonate and hydrogen ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of deoxyhemoglobin regarding hydrogen ions during gas transport?

    <p>It has a greater affinity for H+ than normal hemoglobin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does increased CO2 influence the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin?

    <p>Increased CO2 decreases oxygen binding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between deoxyhemoglobin and carbon dioxide binding?

    <p>Deoxyhemoglobin binds carbon dioxide more effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs at the lungs when hemoglobin is saturated with oxygen?

    <p>Hemoglobin increases its binding of O2.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does a decrease in oxygen partial pressure (PO2) have on hemoglobin’s oxygen release?

    <p>It causes hemoglobin to release more oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a healthy individual, what is the expected oxygen carrying capacity of blood with 15 g Hb per 100 ml?

    <p>20 ml O2/100 ml blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the binding of CO2 when hemoglobin is deoxygenated?

    <p>CO2 binding increases as deoxygenation occurs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does anemia have on the oxygen carrying capacity of blood?

    <p>It decreases the carrying capacity significantly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Haldane effect assist in CO2 transport?

    <p>It enhances CO2 uptake in deoxygenated blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the % Hb saturation regarding oxygen transportation?

    <p>It indicates the percentage of available Hb for transport.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological process occurs as deoxyhemoglobin returns to the lungs?

    <p>It releases H+ and CO2 while binding O2.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily influences the amount of oxygen dissolved in plasma?

    <p>Partial pressure of oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects the role of haemoglobin in carbon dioxide transport?

    <p>Haemoglobin can transport carbon dioxide, but also releases oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition describes respiratory acidosis?

    <p>Decreased pH caused by excess carbon dioxide retention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiological system is primarily responsible for regulating blood pH?

    <p>CO2/HCO3- buffering reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does an increase in alveolar ventilation affect blood pH?

    <p>It can cause respiratory alkalosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the respiratory membrane during gas exchange?

    <p>Allowing diffusion of gases between the alveoli and blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor does NOT influence airway resistance?

    <p>Lung compliance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about haemoglobin saturation and partial pressure of oxygen is true?

    <p>Haemoglobin saturation is linearly proportional to partial pressure of oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions with their expected effects on hemoglobin saturation:

    <p>Increased PCO2 = Decreases hemoglobin saturation Increased PO2 = Increases hemoglobin saturation Decreased pH = Decreases hemoglobin saturation Increased body temperature = Decreases hemoglobin saturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following blood gas values with their likely physiological effect:

    <p>Alveolar PO2 of 130 mmHg = Significantly higher blood PO2 PCO2 increase = Decreased Hb affinity for O2 Blood pH decrease = Decreased Hb saturation with O2 PO2 in air at 9000m = Significantly reduced Hb saturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following respiratory concepts with their relevant descriptions:

    <p>Haldane effect = Increased CO2 transport with deoxyhemoglobin Chloride shift = Maintains electrical neutrality in red blood cells O2 dissociation curve = Describes hemoglobin saturation at various PO2 levels Acidosis = Characterized by decreased pH in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following factors with their roles in oxygen transport:

    <p>Systemic blood pressure = Has minimal direct effect on O2 binding PO2 of the blood = Primary determinant for O2 binding to hemoglobin Bicarbonate ions = Facilitate CO2 transport primarily PCO2 of the blood = Influences affinity of hemoglobin for O2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following altitude conditions with their effects on the body:

    <p>9000m altitude = Reduced PO2 causes decreased Hb saturation Decompression = Leads to rapid loss of consciousness Exposure to high altitude = Increases risk of hypoxia Low oxygen levels = Reduces oxygen-carrying capacity of blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following forms of carbon dioxide transport with their percentages:

    <p>Dissolved CO2 = 7% Carbaminohemoglobin = 23% Bicarbonate ions = 70% Carbonic acid = not quantitatively important</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parts of the oxygen dissociation curve with their descriptions:

    <p>Plateau region = Large changes in PO2, small changes in % Hb saturation Steep curve = Small changes in PO2, large changes in % Hb saturation Normal saturation = High altitude effect on Hb saturation Decrease of 20 mmHg PO2 = 5% drop in Hb saturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of internal respiration with their roles:

    <p>O2 = Delivered to tissues CO2 = Produced by cellular metabolism HCO3- = Majority form of CO2 transport Deoxyhemoglobin = Facilitates CO2 transport in blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following statements regarding gas exchange with their corresponding facts:

    <p>High altitude = Reduces O2 availability Bicarbonate ions = Most common form of CO2 transport Carbaminohemoglobin = Chemically bound CO2 to Hb Dissolved O2 = Minor role in oxygen transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following descriptions of respiratory gas transport with their respective components:

    <p>O2 transport = Dissolved and bound to hemoglobin CO2 transport = Dissolved, chemically bound, bicarbonate Blood pH regulation = Controlled by CO2 levels Control of respiration = Influenced by O2 and CO2 levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following effects on oxygen saturation during exercise with their details:

    <p>Decrease in PO2 = &gt;50% drop in Hb saturation High metabolic activity = Increased O2 demand Tissue hypoxia = Result of diminished O2 supply Steep curve effect = Enhanced sensitivity to PO2 changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following mechanisms of CO2 transport with their characteristics:

    <p>Dissolved CO2 = Transported in plasma Carbaminohemoglobin = Transported bound to hemoglobin Bicarbonate ions = Majority of CO2 transport Carbonic acid = Not quantitatively significant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following processes with their descriptions in gas transport:

    <p>Internal Respiration = O2 released from oxyhemoglobin in tissues External Respiration = O2 absorbed into the blood from the lungs Chloride Shift = Movement of Cl- into RBCs to maintain electrical neutrality Carbonic Anhydrase = Enzyme that converts CO2 into water to carbonic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following effects with their corresponding physiological responses:

    <p>Bohr Effect = Increased CO2 decreases Hb's O2 affinity Haldane Effect = Increased O2 decreases Hb's CO2 binding capacity Chloride Shift Reversal = Cl- moves out of RBCs during external respiration Carbonic Acid Formation = Bicarbonate ions bind with H+ in RBCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following ions/forms with their roles in gas transport:

    <p>Bicarbonate (HCO3-) = Major form of CO2 transport in blood Deoxyhemoglobin = Has a higher affinity for H+ Carbonic Acid (H2CO3) = Intermediate formed before dissociating into HCO3- Chloride Ion (Cl-) = Counterbalances bicarbonate movement in RBCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following descriptions with the resulting changes in hemoglobin behavior:

    <p>Increase in CO2 concentration = Decreases Hb's O2 binding capacity Decrease in blood pH = Facilitates O2 offloading from Hb Increase in oxygen saturation = Decreases Hb's CO2 affinity H+ accumulation = Promotes formation of HHb in tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of blood gas transport with their characteristics:

    <p>Oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) = O2-bound form of hemoglobin Carbaminohemoglobin = Form of hemoglobin bound to CO2 Bicarbonate Ion (HCO3-) = Produced during CO2 transport in plasma Hydrogen Ion (H+) = Generated alongside bicarbonate in RBCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following forms of CO2 transport with their percentage in blood:

    <p>Dissolved CO2 = 7-10% of total CO2 transport Carbamino compounds = Approximately 20-23% of CO2 transport Bicarbonate = 70% of CO2 transport Carbonic acid = Not quantitatively important in transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following gas transport processes with their location:

    <p>Internal Respiration = Occurs in tissues during cellular respiration External Respiration = Gas exchange occurs at the lungs Chloride Shift = Happens in red blood cells during bicarbonate movement Formation of HHb = Occurs in response to high H+ levels in RBCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following gas transport terms to their relevant descriptions:

    <p>Saturation of Hb = Extent to which Hb is combined with O2 Haldane Effect = Facilitates CO2 uptake when O2 is unloaded Bohr Effect = Links CO2 levels to O2 release from Hb Carbonic Acid Reaction = Involves dissociation into bicarbonate and H+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the effect with its description:

    <p>Bohr effect = Increased CO2 leads to decreased Hb binding of O2 Haldane effect = Deoxyhemoglobin has higher binding capacity for CO2 High PO2 = Increased binding of O2 to Hb High PCO2 = Increased unloading of O2 from Hb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the blood condition with its oxygen carrying capacity:

    <p>Normal blood = 20 ml O2 / 100 ml blood Anemic blood = 10 ml O2 / 100 ml blood Decreased Hb saturation = 15 ml O2 / 100 ml blood Oxygenated blood = Higher than 20 ml O2 / 100 ml blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the situation with the effect on hemoglobin:

    <p>Increased CO2 = More deoxyhemoglobin Increased O2 = More oxyhemoglobin Lower blood pH = Decreased O2 binding Increased H+ = Enhanced O2 release from Hb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the physiological process with the correct description:

    <p>Internal respiration = Gas exchange between tissues and blood External respiration = Gas exchange between blood and lungs Binding of O2 = Reversible process influenced by partial pressures Deoxygenation = Increase in CO2 binding to Hb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the blood gas levels with their respective locations:

    <p>Tissue = Higher CO2, lower O2 Lungs = Higher O2, lower CO2 Arterial blood = 100% Hb saturation at 100 mmHg Venous blood = 75% Hb saturation at 40 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the condition with its corresponding oxygen saturation:

    <p>Normal saturation = 100% at 100 mmHg Venous saturation = 75% at 40 mmHg Anemic saturation = 100% at 100 mmHg with 7.5 g Hb Depleted saturation = Lower than expected based on Hb amount</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the blood component with its significance:

    <p>Hb binds O2 = Essential for oxygen transport Deoxyhemoglobin = Higher affinity for CO2 H+ ions = Impact pH and O2 binding CO2 transport = Requires deoxygenated Hb for enhanced binding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the physiological effect with its corresponding mechanism:

    <p>Reduced pH = Increases O2 unloading from Hb Increased CO2 levels = Stimulates H+ generation Oxygen diffusion = Occurs at high partial pressures CO2 unloading = Facilitated by low PCO2 in lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following factors with their respective roles in respiration and gas transport:

    <p>Airway resistance = Ventilation V/Q matching = Gas exchange Haemoglobin level and saturation = Gas transport Pressure gradient = Gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following pH states with their corresponding definitions:

    <p>Acidosis = Increase in H+ due to CO2 retention Alkalosis = Decrease in H+ due to CO2 loss Respiratory acidosis = Decrease in pH due to increased pCO2 Respiratory alkalosis = Increase in pH due to decreased pCO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following physiological processes with their locations:

    <p>Gas exchange = Respiratory membrane Ventilation = Airways Gas transport = Blood Blood pH regulation = Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following statements about oxygen transport with their truths:

    <p>Oxygen transport is mostly through plasma = False Haemoglobin is involved in carbon dioxide transport = True Partial pressure of oxygen is linearly proportional to haemoglobin saturation = True Amount of oxygen dissolved in plasma has very little impact on oxygen transport = True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following blood characteristics with their functions:

    <p>CO2/HCO3- buffering reaction = Regulates blood pH Hb saturation = Oxygen transport efficiency Increased alveolar ventilation = Decreases pCO2 Decreased diffusion capacity = Contributes to respiratory acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following influences on respiration with their corresponding effects:

    <p>Airway resistance = Affects ventilation Lung compliance = Affects ventilation efficiency Membrane characteristics = Influences gas exchange Diffusion coefficient = Affects gas exchange rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of respiratory impairment with their definitions:

    <p>Decreased alveolar ventilation = Leads to respiratory acidosis Increased CO2 production = Causes increased H+ Hyperventilation = May lead to respiratory alkalosis Ventilation-perfusion mismatch = Affects gas exchange efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms related to internal respiration with their descriptions:

    <p>Blood pH buffering = Maintains physiological pH range Internal respiration = Gas exchange at tissues Production of CO2 = Increases acidity in blood Removal of CO2 = Decreases acidity in blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Gas Transport: O2 and CO2

    • Oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported between the lungs and tissues through the blood, but through distinct mechanisms.
    • Only 2% of oxygen in the blood is dissolved, with the remaining 98% bound to hemoglobin.
    • The majority of carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as bicarbonate, with the rest dissolved or bound to hemoglobin.

    O2 Transport

    • The amount of dissolved oxygen in the plasma affects the percentage of hemoglobin saturation.
    • The hemoglobin saturation curve has a "plateau region" where large changes in the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) result in small changes in hemoglobin saturation. This is important because oxygen, which decreases at high altitudes, has a small effect on hemoglobin saturation.
    • In the steep part of the curve, small changes in PO2 result in large changes in hemoglobin saturation. This is important during exercise, where tissue PO2 may be low.

    CO2 Transport

    • Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood in five forms, but only three are significant:
      • Dissolved (7%, in plasma and hemoglobin)
      • Bound to Hemoglobin (23%, forming carbaminohemoglobin)
      • Bicarbonate ions (70%)
    • In red blood cells, carbonic anhydrase converts CO2 and water into carbonic acid, which dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions.
    • Bicarbonate ions quickly diffuse from red blood cells into the plasma.
    • Chloride ions move from the plasma into red blood cells to maintain electrical neutrality, a process called the chloride shift.

    Internal Respiration (at tissues)

    • Oxygen released from oxyhemoglobin diffuses into tissues for cellular respiration.
    • Hemoglobin binds with hydrogen ions forming HHb.
    • Carbon dioxide diffuses from tissues into the plasma and red blood cells.
    • In erythrocytes, the enzyme carbonic anhydrase rapidly converts CO2 and water into carbonic acid (H2CO3), which quickly splits into bicarbonate (HCO3-) and hydrogen (H+).
    • Bicarbonate (HCO3-) moves from red blood cells into plasma.
    • To maintain neutrality, chloride ions (Cl-) move from plasma into red blood cells, known as the "chloride shift".

    External Respiration (at lungs)

    • Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into capillaries and erythrocytes, where it binds with HHb to form oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) and releases H+.
    • Bicarbonate ions move into the red blood cells and bind with H+ to form carbonic acid.
    • Cl- diffuses out of the cell into plasma (reverse chloride shift).
    • Carbonic acid is split by carbonic anhydrase, releasing CO2, which then diffuses from the blood to the alveoli for expiration.

    Bohr Effect

    • The Bohr Effect is the influence of CO2 and acid on the release of oxygen.
    • CO2 and H+ reversibly bind with hemoglobin, changing its structure. This reduces the affinity for oxygen, meaning more oxygen is released in acidic environments.

    Haldane Effect

    • The Haldane Effect states that an increase in oxygen decreases hemoglobin’s CO2 binding capacity.
    • Deoxyhemoglobin (or reduced Hb) has a greater affinity for H+ than hemoglobin.

    Bohr and Haldane Effects

    • The Bohr and Haldane effects work together to facilitate efficient gas exchange.
    • Increased CO2 and H+ cause increased oxygen release because of the Bohr effect.
    • Increased oxygen release increases the uptake of CO2 and H+ by Hb (Haldane effect).
    • Reduced Hb carries CO2 and H+ back to the lungs to be expelled.

    % Hb Saturation ≠ Amount of O2 Transported

    • Hemoglobin saturation refers only to the extent of Hb combined with oxygen, not other gases.
    • The amount of oxygen transported in the blood depends on both the amount of hemoglobin and its saturation level.
    • An anemic patient with low hemoglobin can still have 100% Hb saturation, but their total oxygen carrying capacity is reduced.

    Blood pH Buffering

    • The normal physiological pH of blood is between 7.35 and 7.45.
    • The CO2/HCO3- buffering reaction is the most crucial physiological system for regulating pH.
    • Production of CO2 increases H+ ions, making the blood more acidic.
    • Removal of CO2 decreases H+ ions, making the blood more basic.

    Acidosis and Alkalosis

    • Respiratory acidosis is a decrease in pH due to an increase in pCO2, caused by reduced alveolar ventilation, decreased diffusion capacity, or ventilation-perfusion mismatch.
    • Respiratory alkalosis results from hyperventilation, which lowers pCO2 and raises pH.
    • Metabolic causes of acid-base imbalance also exist and are typically compensated for by the kidneys.

    Gas Transport: O2 and CO2

    • Oxygen (O2) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) are transported between the lungs and tissues via blood using different mechanisms.
    • Only 2% of O2 in blood is dissolved; the remaining 98% is bound to haemoglobin (Hb).
    • The majority of CO2 is transported in blood as bicarbonate.

    O2 Transport

    • Dissolved O2 determines Partial Pressure of Oxygen (PO2).
    • PO2 affects the percentage of haemoglobin saturation.
    • The oxygen dissociation curve shows the relationship between PO2 and haemoglobin saturation.
    • The plateau region of the curve indicates that large changes in PO2 result in small changes in Hb saturation, which is important for maintaining O2 supply at high altitudes.
    • The steep region of the curve shows that small changes in PO2 result in large changes in Hb saturation, which is important for delivering O2 to tissues during exercise.

    CO2 Transport

    • CO2 is transported in blood in several forms, primarily as:
      • Dissolved CO2 (7%)
      • Carbaminohaemoglobin (23%)
      • Bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) (70%)
    • Most CO2 is converted to HCO3- within red blood cells.

    Internal Respiration (at Tissues)

    • O2 is released from oxyhaemoglobin and diffuses into tissues for cellular respiration.
    • CO2 from tissues diffuses into plasma and red blood cells.
    • In red blood cells, carbonic anhydrase converts CO2 and water into carbonic acid (H2CO3).
    • Carbonic acid dissociates into bicarbonate (HCO3-) and hydrogen ions (H+).
    • Bicarbonate diffuses from red blood cells into plasma.
    • Chloride ions (Cl-) move from plasma into red blood cells (chloride shift) to maintain electrical neutrality.

    External Respiration (at Lungs)

    • The processes of internal respiration are reversed at the lungs.
    • Inhaled oxygen diffuses from alveoli into capillaries and red blood cells, forming oxyhaemoglobin (HbO2) and H+.
    • Bicarbonate ions move into red blood cells and combine with H+ to form carbonic acid.
    • Chloride ions (Cl-) move from red blood cells into plasma (reverse chloride shift).
    • Carbonic acid is split by carbonic anhydrase to release CO2.
    • CO2 diffuses from blood to alveoli for expiration.
    • The Bohr effect describes the influence of CO2 and acid on the release of O2.
    • CO2 and H+ bind reversibly with Hb, changing its structure and reducing its affinity for O2.
    • This helps offload more O2 to tissues with high CO2 or low pH.

    Haldane Effect

    • Increased O2 decreases Hb's CO2 binding capacity.
    • Deoxyhaemoglobin has a greater affinity for H+ than oxyhaemoglobin.
    • Therefore, unloading O2 facilitates Hb uptake of CO2-generated H+.
    • This helps maintain blood pH, as Hb mops up most of the H+ generated at the tissues.
    • The Bohr and Haldane effects work in synchrony:
      • Increased CO2 and H+ cause increased O2 release (Bohr effect).
      • Increased O2 release from Hb causes increased CO2 and H+ uptake by Hb (Haldane effect).

    % Hb Saturation ≠ Amount of O2 Transported

    • Normal blood contains 15 g Hb per 100 ml blood.
    • O2 carrying capacity is 20 ml O2 per 100 ml blood.
    • O2 content of arterial blood is 20 ml O2 per 100 ml blood (Hb saturation with O2 is 100% at a PO2 of 100 mmHg).
    • O2 content of venous blood is 15 ml O2 per 100 ml blood (Hb saturation with O2 is 75% at a PO2 of 40 mmHg).

    Blood pH Buffering

    • Normal physiological blood pH is 7.35 to 7.45.
    • The CO2/HCO3- buffering system is the most important physiological system regulating pH.
    • Production of CO2 leads to an increase in H+ (more acid).
    • Removal of CO2 leads to a decrease in H+ (more basic).

    Acidosis - Alkalosis

    • Respiratory acidosis is a decrease in pH due to increased pCO2, caused by decreased alveolar ventilation, decreased diffusion capacity, or ventilation-perfusion mismatch.
    • Respiratory alkalosis is an increase in pH due to decreased pCO2, caused by increased alveolar ventilation or hyperventilation.
    • Note that there are also metabolic causes of acid-base imbalance.
    • Kidney compensation usually occurs to correct acid-base imbalances.

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    Description

    Explore the mechanisms of oxygen and carbon dioxide transport in the blood. This quiz covers key concepts such as hemoglobin saturation, the hemoglobin saturation curve, and the methods of CO2 transport. Understand the physiological implications of these processes during varying conditions such as altitude and exercise.

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