Gas Transport and pH Introduction
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary mechanism that allows oxygen to cross the alveoli and re-oxygenate the blood in the pulmonary vasculature?

  • Diffusion (correct)
  • Active transport
  • Osmosis
  • Facilitated diffusion

    • What percentage of oxygen that dissolves in the blood combines with the oxygen-carrying protein hemoglobin?

  • 99% (correct)
  • 85%
  • 90%
  • 95%

    • What is the primary factor that determines the delivery of oxygen to a particular tissue?

  • Cardiac output
  • Arterial oxygen concentration
  • Oxygen entering the lungs
  • All of the above (correct)

    • What is the term for the volume of oxygen delivered to the systemic vascular bed per minute?

    <p>Oxygen delivery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of flow of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lung?

    <p>From higher to lower partial pressures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of CO2 that dissolves in the blood and enters into a series of reversible chemical reactions?

    <p>94.5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What two systems are necessary for the ability to deliver oxygen in the body?

    <p>Respiratory and circulatory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the curve when there is a rise in temperature or a fallen pH?

    <p>It shifts to the right</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of p50 in relation to hemoglobin and O2 binding?

    <p>It is the pO2 at which hemoglobin is half saturated with O2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum concentration of reduced hemoglobin required for cyanosis to appear?

    <p>5 g/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the bluish discoloration of the tissues due to reduced hemoglobin?

    <p>Cyanosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of a fallen temperature on the O2 dissociation curve?

    <p>It shifts the curve to the left</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the occurrence of cyanosis?

    <p>The total amount of hemoglobin, the degree of hemoglobin unsaturation, and the state of the capillary circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of a higher p50 value?

    <p>It indicates a lower affinity of hemoglobin for O2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of increased myoglobin in high-altitude adaptation?

    <p>To facilitate the movement of oxygen into the tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the natives who live in high-altitude villages?

    <p>They are remarkably normal with low alveolar po2 values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of carbon monoxide in the body?

    <p>It functions as a chemical messenger in the brain and elsewhere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of incomplete combustion of carbon outside the body?

    <p>The formation of carbon monoxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the existence of permanent human habitations in the Andes and Himalayas at elevations above 5,500 m?

    <p>It indicates the effectiveness of the acclimatization process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristics of the chest of natives who live in high-altitude villages?

    <p>They are barrel-chested</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the historical use of carbon monoxide?

    <p>As a method of execution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why CO poisoning has become less common in the United States?

    <p>Increased use of natural gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the compound formed when CO reacts with hemoglobin?

    <p>Carboxyhemoglobin (COHb)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is CO poisoning considered a form of anemic hypoxia?

    <p>Because CO reduces the amount of hemoglobin available for O2 transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate ratio of the affinity of hemoglobin for CO to its affinity for O2?

    <p>210 times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the presence of COHb shift the dissociation curve of HbO2 to the left?

    <p>Because COHb decreases the amount of O2 released from HbO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is oxygen treatment of limited value in hypoperfusion, anemic, and histotoxic hypoxia?

    <p>Because it can only increase the amount of dissolved oxygen in the arterial blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of hypoxia is oxygen treatment of great benefit?

    <p>Other forms of hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of COHb on the amount of hemoglobin available for O2 transport?

    <p>It decreases the amount of hemoglobin available for O2 transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is an individual with 50% of the normal amount of HbO2 incapacitated by the formation of COHb?

    <p>Because they already have a low amount of hemoglobin available for O2 transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of CO on the transport of O2 in the blood?

    <p>It reduces the amount of O2 transported in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hypoxia is characterized by a normal arterial PO2 but a reduced amount of hemoglobin available to carry oxygen?

    <p>Anemic hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term sometimes used to describe Hypoxemia?

    <p>Hypoxic hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of histotoxic hypoxia on tissues?

    <p>Inhibited oxygen utilization by tissue cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does it take for the increase in circulating red blood cells to begin after ascent to high altitude?

    <p>In 2-3 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the response to high altitude that leads to a decrease in erythropoietin secretion?

    <p>Increased ventilatory response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term that is a more correct description of a condition with low oxygen levels in the tissues?

    <p>Hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs in the tissues in response to hypoxia, besides the increase in circulating red blood cells?

    <p>Compensatory changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

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