chapter 41. quiz 5. respiratory mechanics

What is the primary function of the human respiratory system?

What is created to facilitate the transport of air to the alveoli and alveolar gas to the environment?

What characterizes the lung's complex branching network of airway segments and viscoelastic tissues?

What three forces must be overcome to move gas into and out of the lungs?

What is the equation that describes the mechanical behavior of the total respiratory system?

What is the term used do describe airway pressure relative to atmosphere ?

What is the term used do describe airway pressure relative to pleural pressure ?

What is assumed to be linearly related to flow in the context of respiratory mechanics?

Which of the following is a source of resistive properties in the respiratory system described in the text?

What happens to resistive pressure losses with more rapid flow rates in the respiratory system?

What do the coefficients R, E, and I represent when P refers to transrespiratory pressure for the respiratory system mechanics?

What components contribute to the resistive properties of the respiratory system mentioned in the text?

airway resistance may reflect

What is the relationship between tissue resistive losses and breathing frequency according to the text?

In adult patients, what percentage of subglottal total lung resistance is attributed to lung tissue resistance at typical breathing rates?

What is the collective name given to losses that are proportional to flow in the context of respiratory mechanics?

What does the difference between Ppeak and Pplat represent in volume-cycled ventilation?

What is the purpose of estimating resistance during volume-cycled ventilation with an end-inspiratory pause?

What can cause alterations in the resistive pressure loss (PR) during volume-cycled ventilation?

What is the formula to estimate the resistance (R) during volume-cycled ventilation?

which of the following represent increased resistance?

What is elastance defined as in the context of respiratory mechanics?

In the total respiratory system elastance calculation, what do EL and Ecw represent?

Which type of elastance refers to the change in elastic distending pressure per unit volume during breathing or ventilation?

What causes elastic pressures in the respiratory system?

What is the mathematical relationship between the total respiratory system elastance, lung elastance, and chest wall elastance in the form of compliance ?

What is the effect of emphysema on lung?

What is a factor that reduces chest wall compliance?

What is the term used to describe the reciprocal of elastance?

What is a factor that increases total respiratory or lung elastance?

which of the following represent increased elastance?

What can be determined by dividing the difference between Pplat and PEEP by VT during volume-cycled ventilation?

when the respiratory system elastance should be determined during ventilation?

Which factor is used to determine respiratory system elastance during the end-inspiratory pause in volume-cycled ventilation?

What parameter is calculated by the difference between Pplat and PEEP in the context of respiratory mechanics?

what is the formula provided for determining elastance ?

What is the typical range of static respiratory system compliance in normal mechanically ventilated lungs?

What is the effect of a recruitment maneuver on Ers?

Why may Ers increase due to strain stiffening of lung tissues?

What is the goal of titrating PEEP to achieve an optimal balance between intratidal recruitment and parenchymal overdistention?

which of the following can alter lung or chest wall elastance during a specified tidal volume ventilation and lead to Alterations in pressure elastance (PE) ?

Why is dynamic Ers higher than static elastance?

What is the cause of increasing strain and load-bearing elements within the lung tissues?

What is the purpose of titrating PEEP to achieve an optimal balance?

What is the effect of strain stiffening on lung tissues?

What is the relationship between elastin and collagen fibers at low levels of tissue strain?

What is typically associated with the kinetic energy of accelerating the gas column in the central airways?

In which situations is inertia a significant contributor to the apparent airway pressure or the work of breathing?

What is inertial pressure typically expressed as the product of?

What is the primary contributor to the inertial pressure during respiratory motion?

Why can't Rrs and Ers be estimated without an end-inspiratory pause in the ventilator waveform?

During pressure-controlled ventilation, what determines airway flow and VT?

When are dynamic estimates of total respiratory Rrs and Ers valid?

In which situations can the mechanics of the chest wall be accounted for when estimating transpulmonary pressure?

What method is suggested for more robust estimates of respiratory Rrs and Ers without an end-inspiratory pause?

How is elastance (compliance) most easily measured according to the text?

When can quasi-static PV curves be constructed according to the text?

the expiratory limb of PV curve can be constructed by ?

What defines compliance according to the text?

What does the lower inflection point (LIP) reflect when using sigmoidal functions to describe curves in the context?

Why is it crucial to apply enough PEEP during protective ventilation?

What phenomenon occurs in PV curves due to lung volume being dependent on the direction of distending pressure during inspiration or expiration?

During protective ventilation, why is it advised to avoid the upper inflection point (UIP)?

What should be done in protective ventilation to avoid the lower inflection point (LIP)?

What should be done in protective ventilation ?

What is a limitation of managing ventilation based on quasi-static PV curves?

What is the work of breathing represented as?

Why is the work of breathing assessed during inspiration only?

What is the frequency at which energy expenditure is minimized?

What is mechanical power an index of?

Why is mechanical power used to assess the risk of developing ventilator-induced lung injury?

What is the purpose of assessing the work of breathing?

monitoring of respiratory pressure can be measured in?

Why is airway pressure during controlled mechanical ventilation not the actual pressure at the airway opening?

What is often improperly used as a surrogate for lung distension?

Where can pressure be measured in order to monitor respiratory pressures?

What does the pressure measured in the trachea or at the airway opening represent?

What is transrespiratory pressure determined by?

Which of the following may contribute to high airway opening pressures?

What does increased transrespiratory pressure not necessarily indicate?

What is transrespiratory pressure a measure of?

What is transpulmonary pressure a measure of?

How can transpulmonary pressure be obtained non-invasively?

Why is the esophageal balloon catheter several centimeters long?

What is a limitation of esophageal manometry?

In which situations is the use of esophageal manometry valuable?

How is the esophageal balloon catheter typically positioned?

transpulmonary pressure measurements are valuable in ?

What is required to measure transpulmonary pressure?

Where is the pressure measured to estimate intrapleural pressure?

What is recommended to limit in order to minimize alveolar overdistension?

Which respiratory variable is considered one of the most important when stratifying mortality risk during ARDS?

What does the driving pressure involve in its computation?

the same plateau pressure could correspond to ?

to minimize alveolar overdistension, recommendations suggest limiting plateau pressures to ?

What is auto-PEEP that is typically observed in ventilated patients with COPD caused by?

How can the amount of auto-PEEP be estimated in mechanically ventilated patients?

Consequences of of auto-PEEP?

How is auto-PEEP can be assess in spontaneously breathing patients ?

What is a primary cause of auto-PEEP in patients with ARDS, sepsis, and respiratory muscle weakness?

factors that can contribute to Auto-PEEP/intrinsic-PEEP ?

Where should the flow-measuring device be placed for accurate measurement?

What is a clinical use of flow monitoring?

What can occur if auto-PEEP is not addressed?

where most ventilators and anesthesia machines measure flow?

What can be done to eliminate auto-PEEP?

What is a limitation of measuring flow close to the ventilator?

What is the most common method to infer airway flow during ventilation?

Why are pneumotachographs not used routinely?

What is an advantage of orifice flowmeters?

What is used in most anesthesia machines for flow measurement?

What is required for sensing bidirectional flow in a single conduit using hot wire anemometers?

Why do hot wire anemometers require calibration?

What is an advantage of hot wire anemometers compared to pneumotachographs and orifice flowmeters?

how most anesthesia machines and ventilators determine volume ?

Why is accurate measurement of volume essential in anesthesia machines and ventilators?