Gas Exchange in Animals and Humans
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Questions and Answers

What precautions should be taken when handling mealworms?

  • Rinse them with water before handling.
  • Leave them uncovered.
  • Wear disposable gloves. (correct)
  • Use bare hands.

What is required to prevent air leakage during the experiment?

  • Use a larger container.
  • Use an open container.
  • Leave the tubes partially open.
  • Stopper the tubes securely. (correct)

What does a color change in the hydrogencarbonate indicator signify?

  • Gas exchange occurring. (correct)
  • Growth of mealworms.
  • Increased gel formation.
  • Decrease in temperature.

What is the expected result for tube A if the mealworms are respiring?

<p>Indicator turns yellow. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would not be a reason for placing tube B in the setup?

<p>To observe the mealworms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is essential for the integrity of the measurement in the experiment?

<p>Preventing external air interference. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What outcome is suggested if the indicator in tube B remains unchanged?

<p>No gas exchange occurs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why should air leakage be avoided during the experimental setup?

<p>It leads to inaccurate readings. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary substances in cigarette smoke that negatively impacts gas exchange in pig lungs?

<p>Tar (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the presence of tar in the lungs affect breathing efficiency?

<p>It reduces the surface area available for gas exchange. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the large total surface area play in gas exchange?

<p>It enhances the efficiency of gas exchange. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What visual difference might you observe between the pig lungs exposed to smoke and those not exposed?

<p>The smoking pig lungs are typically darker or brownish. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to inhaled air once it reaches the air sacs?

<p>It is moistened and warmed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a comparison of the tracheas from both sets of pig lungs, which statement is likely true?

<p>The trachea from the smoking lungs may show signs of inflammation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does gas exchange occur in fish?

<p>In their gills. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one consequence of smoking on the respiratory system?

<p>It introduces harmful chemicals that damage the breathing system. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which effect does cigarette smoke have on the air sacs in the lungs?

<p>It forms a layer of tar over the surface. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What gas is primarily exchanged in the capillaries at the air sacs?

<p>Oxygen enters the blood from the air sac. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which animals does gas exchange occur through both lungs and moist skin?

<p>Frogs and salamanders. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When observing the smoking pig lungs versus the non-smoking ones, which statement about lung tissue is correct?

<p>The smoking lungs show signs of damage and scarring. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does exhaled air differ from inhaled air in terms of water vapor content?

<p>Exhaled air contains more water vapor. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What unique feature do salamanders use for gas exchange?

<p>They perform gas exchange through external gills and skin. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible consequence of the reduced efficiency of gas exchange due to cigarette smoke?

<p>An increased likelihood of respiratory diseases. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What misconception is highlighted regarding inhaled and exhaled air?

<p>Inhaled air is oxygen and exhaled air is carbon dioxide. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is NOT true about gas exchange structures in animals?

<p>Lungs are found in all terrestrial animals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following chemicals in cigarette smoke contributes to decreased oxygen absorption in the lungs?

<p>Tar (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do capillaries play in the gas exchange process?

<p>They facilitate the exchange of gases between blood and air sacs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of temperature, how do inhaled and exhaled air differ?

<p>Exhaled air is warmer than inhaled air. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the impact of total surface area on gas exchange efficacy?

<p>More surface area allows for increased gas exchange efficiency. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important that air is moistened in the air sacs?

<p>It enhances the efficiency of oxygen transport. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many chemicals are inhaled when one smokes?

<p>More than 7000 chemicals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of air sacs in the respiratory system?

<p>To facilitate gas exchange between air and blood. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the practical involving pig lungs?

<p>To study the structure of pig lungs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done to the lungs before and after the practical session?

<p>Cover any wounds with bandages (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the lungs feel when pressed gently?

<p>Spongy and elastic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs to the volume of the lungs when air is pumped into them?

<p>The volume increases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Upon cutting open the trachea, which structure is directly observed branching off?

<p>Bronchi (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of observing the colour of the lungs during the dissection?

<p>It shows the lung's health status (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What tool is used to pump air into the pig lungs during the demonstration?

<p>Air pump (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the lung tissue when it is placed in water?

<p>It floats due to air trapped in it (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference in gas composition between exhaled air and inhaled air?

<p>Exhaled air contains less oxygen but more carbon dioxide. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the human breathing system play in cellular respiration?

<p>It provides oxygen for respiration and removes carbon dioxide. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the breathing system?

<p>Regulation of body temperature. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the process of breathing in, what happens to the air flow in the human breathing system?

<p>Air is drawn from the environment into the lungs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is likely to happen to cobalt chloride paper when exposed to water vapour from exhaled air?

<p>It will turn pink, indicating moisture presence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the configuration of the human breathing system assist in effective gas exchange?

<p>It incorporates alveoli that increase surface area for gas exchange. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism is primarily responsible for the movement of air into and out of the lungs?

<p>Negative pressure created by the diaphragm. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be observed in cobalt chloride paper before exhaling onto a mirror?

<p>It should remain blue, showing no moisture. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Purpose of tube B

A control group to compare against tube A, letting you see if mealworms produce carbon dioxide.

Gas exchange of mealworms

Mealworms release carbon dioxide.

Carbon dioxide content change

Tube A's indicator will change colour, indicating carbon dioxide production from mealworms in the tube, while tube B's indicator likely stays unchanged, if they were not present

Indicator solution function

The indicator solution changes colour in response to carbon dioxide.

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Experimental setup for observing gas exchange

Two tubes setup; one containing mealworms (test group) and one without (control group), and have carbon indicator.

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Importance of the control group

A control group in an experiment allows researchers to see differences between groups.

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Gloves in experiment

The experiment requires wearing disposable gloves to handle the mealworms for safety.

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Preventing air leakage

Prevent air leakage in the tubes to maintain gas exchange's experiment conditions in the setup for accurate results.

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Exhaled air composition

Exhaled air contains less oxygen, more carbon dioxide, and more water vapor than inhaled air.

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Gas exchange

The process of supplying oxygen to body cells for respiration and removing carbon dioxide from body cells.

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Human breathing system

A complex system designed to facilitate gas exchange in humans.

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Inhaled air

The air that you breathe in, rich in oxygen.

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Exhaled air

The air that you breathe out, lower in oxygen and enriched with carbon dioxide and water vapor.

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Respiration

The process of using oxygen to produce energy and release carbon dioxide.

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Cobalt chloride paper

A paper that changes color in the presence of moisture.

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Breathing system parts

Various components of the human respiratory system like lungs, trachea, etc., facilitate gas exchange.

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Gas exchange in air sacs

The process where oxygen from inhaled air moves into the blood in capillaries, while carbon dioxide from the blood moves into the air sacs to be exhaled.

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Air sac function

Air sacs are tiny pouches in the lungs where gas exchange occurs. They provide a large surface area for efficient oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide release.

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Capillary role in gas exchange

Capillaries are tiny blood vessels surrounding air sacs. Their thin walls allow oxygen to diffuse from the air sacs into the blood and carbon dioxide to diffuse from the blood into the air sacs.

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Moistening inhaled air

Air sacs are moist, helping to humidify the inhaled air, making it easier for oxygen to dissolve and be absorbed by the blood.

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Warming inhaled air

The blood in the capillaries surrounding the air sacs warms the inhaled air, making it closer to body temperature.

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Difference between inhaled and exhaled air

Inhaled air is rich in oxygen and low in carbon dioxide. Exhaled air is rich in carbon dioxide and low in oxygen. The exchange in the air sacs causes this difference.

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Why exhaled air is warmer and moister

The air sacs are moist and warm due to the blood in the surrounding capillaries. This causes the exhaled air to be warmer and moister than the inhaled air.

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Large surface area in lungs

The lungs have a large surface area to increase the efficiency of gas exchange, allowing for more oxygen to enter the bloodstream and carbon dioxide to be released.

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Gas exchange in fish

Fish use their gills for gas exchange, extracting oxygen from the water and releasing carbon dioxide.

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Gas exchange in salamanders

Salamanders use both their external gills and their skin for gas exchange.

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Gas exchange in frogs

Frogs use their lungs and moist skin for gas exchange.

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Smoking's effect on gas exchange

Smoking damages the breathing system and reduces the efficiency of gas exchange by damaging the lungs' surface area and impairing oxygen uptake.

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Effects of smoking on breathing system

Smoking can lead to various respiratory problems, including lung cancer, emphysema, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

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Preventing air leakage in gas exchange experiments

It's crucial to prevent air leakage in gas exchange experiments to ensure accurate results. Air leaks can alter the concentration of gases within the experimental setup.

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Pig lungs after smoking

Pig lungs exposed to cigarette smoke exhibit a darker, brownish color and a thicker, less elastic texture compared to the non-smoking lungs.

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Tar's impact on gas exchange

Tar deposits on the surface of the air sacs in the lungs, reducing the efficiency of gas exchange by hindering the passage of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

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What is gas exchange?

Gas exchange is the process of taking in oxygen from the air and releasing carbon dioxide from the body.

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Differences in lung color

The pair of pig lungs exposed to cigarette smoke will be darker than the non-smoking lungs due to tar deposition.

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Differences in lung tissue

The lungs exposed to smoke will have a thicker and less elastic tissue compared to the non-smoking lungs.

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Differences in trachea

The trachea in the smoking lung will be more darkened and constricted compared to the non-smoking trachea.

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Why is the control group important?

The non-smoking lung serves as a control group, providing a baseline for comparison to assess the effects of cigarette smoke on the pig lungs.

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What is the purpose of the experiment?

This experiment demonstrates the damaging effects of cigarette smoke on the lungs by comparing the physical characteristics of pig lungs exposed to smoke versus those not exposed.

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Pig lung structure

The pig lung is a spongy organ divided into two main branches called bronchi, which further branch into smaller tubes. The trachea, a tube connecting the lungs to the mouth, is also visible.

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Pig lung colour

Pig lungs are typically pinkish-red due to the presence of blood vessels that carry oxygen throughout the lungs.

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What happens when air is pumped into the lungs?

When air is pumped into the lungs, the lungs expand in volume, because the air inflates the tiny air sacs within the lungs.

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Trachea branching

The trachea branches into two tubes called bronchi, and each bronchus further divides into smaller tubes that reach every part of the lung.

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Lung tissue in water

When lung tissue is placed in water, it floats because air trapped inside the lung tissue makes it less dense than water.

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Respiration definition

Respiration is the chemical process of releasing energy from food in cells, using oxygen and producing carbon dioxide as a waste product.

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Study Notes

Gas Exchange in Animals

  • Gas exchange isn't unique to plants; animals also exchange gases.
  • Practical 7.12 investigates carbon dioxide uptake/release by mealworms.
  • Materials include boiling tubes, forceps, cotton threads, stoppers, test tube racks, a measuring cylinder, plastic vials with holes, and hydrogencarbonate indicator.
  • Procedure involves adding indicator to tubes, placing mealworms in a vial, inserting into one tube, sealing both tubes, waiting, and noting colour changes.
  • The hydrogencarbonate indicator changes colour in response to carbon dioxide: red for low CO2, yellow for high CO2.
  • Mealworms in tube A (with mealworms) cause the indicator to turn yellow (increase in CO2).
  • Tube B (control) stays red (no change in CO2).
  • This suggests that mealworms release CO2 during respiration
  • Practical 7.13 investigates oxygen uptake/release in mealworms.

Gas Exchange in Humans

  • Humans have a sophisticated breathing system for gas exchange.

  • This system ensures oxygen for cellular respiration and waste CO2 removal.

  • Inhaled air differs from exhaled air in oxygen, carbon dioxide and water vapour content/concentration.

  • Inhaled v.s. exhaled air: Inhaled air has more oxygen & less CO2, whilst exhaled air has more CO2 and less oxygen

  • Practical 7.14 compares inhaled and exhaled air's compositions.

  • Materials include gas jars, covers, measuring cylinder, mirror, dry cobalt chloride paper, stopwatch, candle, etc..

  • Procedure involves filling gas jars with air, measuring candle burning time, recording differences in burning times for inhaled vs exhaled air, and for colour changes in cobalt chloride paper.

  • Inhaled air supports burning longer than exhaled air (more oxygen).

  • Exhaled air contains more CO2 and water vapour (less oxygen).

Gas Exchange at Air Sacs

  • Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between air sacs and blood.
  • Inhaled air enters air sacs, oxygen diffuses into blood capillaries.
  • Blood carries oxygen to body cells. Cellular respiration produces CO2.
  • Blood carries CO2 to air sacs; CO2 diffuses out of blood and into air sacs.
  • Exhaled air is warmer and contains more water vapour than inhaled air.
  • Air is warmed and moistened in the air sacs as it flows through.

Effects of Smoking

  • Smoking reduces gas exchange efficiency.
  • Tar deposits on air sacs, reducing surface area for exchange.
  • Carbon monoxide reduces blood's oxygen-carrying capacity.
  • Toxic chemicals damage air sacs, diminishing surface area for gas exchange
  • Smoking causes various respiratory diseases.
  • Smoking damages nearly every part of the body, including lungs, heart, and mouth

Additional Information

  • The lungs' large surface area (about 80 m²) facilitates efficient gas exchange.
  • Measurements of inhaled/exhaled air, can be used to determine the presence and quantity of gases in each.

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OCR Gas Exchange in Animals PDF

Description

Explore the fascinating processes of gas exchange in animals, particularly through practical investigations of mealworms. This quiz delves into the methods of observing carbon dioxide and oxygen uptake, highlighting the importance of respiratory systems in both animals and humans.

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