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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the carrier gas in gas chromatography?
What is the primary function of the carrier gas in gas chromatography?
Which carrier gas is generally preferred due to its balance of cost and efficiency?
Which carrier gas is generally preferred due to its balance of cost and efficiency?
In which type of gas chromatography does separation depend on the affinity of solutes to adsorb on a solid stationary phase?
In which type of gas chromatography does separation depend on the affinity of solutes to adsorb on a solid stationary phase?
What is the typical flow rate range for packed columns in gas chromatography?
What is the typical flow rate range for packed columns in gas chromatography?
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Which property of a carrier gas is crucial to ensure it does not react with the stationary phase or other components?
Which property of a carrier gas is crucial to ensure it does not react with the stationary phase or other components?
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What is the primary purpose of the mobile phase in gas chromatography?
What is the primary purpose of the mobile phase in gas chromatography?
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Which injector type is designed to automatically inject samples into the chromatography column?
Which injector type is designed to automatically inject samples into the chromatography column?
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What is the primary characteristic of low molecular weight carrier gases in gas chromatography?
What is the primary characteristic of low molecular weight carrier gases in gas chromatography?
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Which factor is NOT relevant for the separation of organic compounds in gas chromatography?
Which factor is NOT relevant for the separation of organic compounds in gas chromatography?
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Which statement about the choice of carrier gas is true?
Which statement about the choice of carrier gas is true?
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How is quantitative analysis achieved in gas chromatography?
How is quantitative analysis achieved in gas chromatography?
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Which of the following components is most likely to exit the chromatography column first?
Which of the following components is most likely to exit the chromatography column first?
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What does the retention time of a component in gas chromatography relate to?
What does the retention time of a component in gas chromatography relate to?
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Which statement about the stationary phase is accurate?
Which statement about the stationary phase is accurate?
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What role does volatility play in the separation process of gas chromatography?
What role does volatility play in the separation process of gas chromatography?
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Which factor would most directly influence the migration speed of a substance through a gas chromatography column?
Which factor would most directly influence the migration speed of a substance through a gas chromatography column?
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What effect does a larger amount of stationary phase have on the retention time of sample components?
What effect does a larger amount of stationary phase have on the retention time of sample components?
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Which type of detector is classified as selective according to its response to compounds?
Which type of detector is classified as selective according to its response to compounds?
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What role does the affinity of a sample component for the stationary phase play in gas chromatography?
What role does the affinity of a sample component for the stationary phase play in gas chromatography?
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Which of the following statements accurately describes the function of the TCD detector?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the function of the TCD detector?
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What is the key mechanism by which the TCD operates?
What is the key mechanism by which the TCD operates?
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Which type of detector is designed to respond to a single chemical compound?
Which type of detector is designed to respond to a single chemical compound?
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What happens to the Wheatstone bridge in the TCD detector when there is an imbalanced flow due to the presence of eluted solutes?
What happens to the Wheatstone bridge in the TCD detector when there is an imbalanced flow due to the presence of eluted solutes?
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Why is helium commonly used as a carrier gas in TCD detection?
Why is helium commonly used as a carrier gas in TCD detection?
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What is the primary measurement technique used to detect changes in thermal conductivity in the system described?
What is the primary measurement technique used to detect changes in thermal conductivity in the system described?
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Which of the following statements about the universal detector is true?
Which of the following statements about the universal detector is true?
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What is a significant disadvantage of the universal detector?
What is a significant disadvantage of the universal detector?
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In the context of the electron capture detector, which functional groups are particularly detected due to their properties?
In the context of the electron capture detector, which functional groups are particularly detected due to their properties?
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What principle does the electron capture detector operate on?
What principle does the electron capture detector operate on?
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What is a critical factor that can lead to changes in the filament's resistance in the universal detector?
What is a critical factor that can lead to changes in the filament's resistance in the universal detector?
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Which radioactive material is commonly used in the electron capture detector?
Which radioactive material is commonly used in the electron capture detector?
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Which flow is compared against the column effluent in the Wheatstone bridge circuit?
Which flow is compared against the column effluent in the Wheatstone bridge circuit?
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What causes the decrease in electric current when a solute containing electron withdrawing groups is eluted from the column?
What causes the decrease in electric current when a solute containing electron withdrawing groups is eluted from the column?
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Which of the following is an advantage of using a Flame Ionization Detector (FID)?
Which of the following is an advantage of using a Flame Ionization Detector (FID)?
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What is the role of the carrier gas in a Flame Ionization Detector?
What is the role of the carrier gas in a Flame Ionization Detector?
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How does the Flame Ionization Detector (FID) determine the concentration of hydrocarbons?
How does the Flame Ionization Detector (FID) determine the concentration of hydrocarbons?
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What type of gases are typically used as carrier gases in Electron Capture Detectors (ECD)?
What type of gases are typically used as carrier gases in Electron Capture Detectors (ECD)?
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Which type of compounds is Flame Ionization Detector (FID) most sensitive to?
Which type of compounds is Flame Ionization Detector (FID) most sensitive to?
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What happens to organic compounds when they enter the flame in a Flame Ionization Detector?
What happens to organic compounds when they enter the flame in a Flame Ionization Detector?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding the Electron Capture Detector (ECD)?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the Electron Capture Detector (ECD)?
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Study Notes
Gas Chromatography (GC)
- GC is a separation technique used to separate naturally volatile or converted volatile substances in a mixture at high temperatures.
- The gaseous mobile phase is called a carrier gas.
- The carrier gas carries the sample through packed or capillary columns, separating the solutes.
- Two types of GC exist: Gas-Solid Chromatography (GSC) and Gas-Liquid Chromatography (GLC).
- In GSC, separation depends on the solutes' affinity for the solid stationary phase.
- In GLC, separation depends on the partitioning of solutes between the gaseous mobile phase and the liquid stationary phase.
Instrumentation
- GC instrumentation includes:
- Injection Port/Sample Introduction System (syringe/septum)
- Carrier Gas
- Flow Controller
- Separation Column (stationary phase)
- Oven
- Detector
- Recorder/Data processing unit (autosampler)
Mobile Phase (Carrier Gas)
- Carrier gas passes solutes along the column under pressure.
- Common choices include Helium (He), Argon (Ar), and Nitrogen (N2). -N2 is a less expensive alternative to He and Ar. -Hydrogen (H2) is also an option but isn't as preferred due to its flammability.
- Carrier gas properties:
- Higher density gases are favored (e.g., He, H2).
- Inert to prevent reactions with the stationary phase or instrument components.
- Highly Pure (>99.9%).
- Cheap and available.
Flow Controller
- Controls the carrier gas flow rate.
- Flow rate for packed columns is 25-150 mL/min.
- Flow rate for capillary columns is 1-25 mL/min.
Injectors
- Microsyringe: For manual sample injection.
- Autosampler: For automatic sample injection.
Principle
- The injection port has a rubber septum allowing a syringe needle to inject the sample.
- Vaporization of the sample occurs within the glass tube of the injection port.
- The injection port temperature is higher than the boiling point of the least volatile component to prevent band broadening.
The Sample
- All injected components must be volatile to move through the column.
- Non-volatile solutes may condense in the column, damaging it.
- Volatile analytes can be separated from non-volatile matrices using solid-phase or liquid-liquid extraction.
- Liquid samples are vaporized using temperature.
- The sample should not decompose at vaporization temperature.
- Certain compounds (e.g., inorganic metals, highly reactive compounds) cannot be analyzed using GC.
Chromatographic Columns
-
Columns can be packed or open tubular.
-
Packed columns:
- Constructed from glass, stainless steel, or aluminum.
- Typically 2-6 meters in length with an internal diameter of 2-4mm.
- Often use diatomaceous earth (silica skeleton) as a solid support.
- Hydrolysis of diatomaceous earth produces silanol groups (-Si-OH) on the surface, which can adsorb solute molecules.
- In gas-liquid chromatography, the liquid stationary phase (coated on solid support) deactivates silanol groups.
-
Capillary columns:
- Do not contain packing material.
- Can be 100 meters in length with internal diameters of 0.15 to 0.3mm.
- Two primary types:
- Wall-coated open tubular columns: Stationary phase coated on inner wall.
- Support-coated open tubular columns: Stationary phase coated on solid support attached to inner wall.
-
Advantages of capillary columns over packed columns: longer columns, better separation efficiency, larger numbers of theoretical plates.
Stationary Phases
- Two types of stationary phases:
- Solid adsorbents (GSC)
- Liquids coated on solid supports (GLC)
- Selection criteria for stationary phases:
- Chemical inertness.
- Thermal stability (low volatility).
- Appropriate polarity for the components of the sample.
- Common solid stationary phases:
- Alumina, silica, active carbon, molecular sieves (crystalline aluminosilicates [zeolites], clay)
Temperature Control
- Separation depends on temperature.
- A thermostat controlled oven is used.
-
Isothermal separation: Column maintained at constant temperature, slightly below the lowest boiling point of sample.
- Drawback: favoring separation of low BP solutes can lead to unacceptable long retention time for high BP solutes
- Temperature programming: Continuous or step changes in column temperature, starting below the lowest boiling point solute and gradually increasing.
Practical Steps
- Inject the sample into the GC inlet.
- The mobile phase (inert carrier gas) moves through the packed or capillary column coated with stationary phase.
- Components of the sample partition between the mobile and stationary phase, based on their affinities.
- Differential migration of solutes results in separation.
Applications
-
Separation of volatile compounds.
-
Quantitative analysis (External standard method):
- Measure peak height/area for standard solutions.
- Make a calibration curve between concentration and peak height/area.
- Measure peak height/area for the unknown sample.
- Use the calibration curve to determine the unknown concentration.
-
Identification of unknown compounds: Compare retention time of the unknown sample to that of known reference samples.
GC Detectors
- Detectors are used to identify separated components.
- Choice of detector depends on the type of analyte.
- Common types:
- Thermal Conductivity Detector (TCD) - Non-selective, good for various compounds.
- Works based on changes in thermal conductivity of carrier gas.
- Flame Ionization Detector (FID) - Selective, useful for hydrocarbons.
- Detects based on ionization of compounds in a flame.
- Electron Capture Detector (ECD) - Selective, for electronegative compounds (halogens, etc.).
- Detects based on electron capture by the sample.
- Thermal Conductivity Detector (TCD) - Non-selective, good for various compounds.
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of gas chromatography (GC), a key separation technique for volatile substances. This quiz covers the principles of GC, instrumentation, and the role of carrier gas in the separation process. Test your understanding of Gas-Solid and Gas-Liquid Chromatography techniques.
