Gandhi and Anti-Colonial Struggles

The feeling of identity and unity shared by a group of people, often leading to a desire for independence and self-governance.

A political scientist known for his concept of the 'imagined community,' explaining how nations are formed through shared experiences and a sense of belonging.

The British colonial rule in India, with its policies often perceived as oppressive and discriminatory, leading to the rise of nationalist sentiment.

The introduction of a standardized legal system, postal services, currency, railways, and telegraphs by the British in India, which contributed to a sense of national unity.

The introduction of Western education in India, exposing Indians to democratic ideas and struggles for freedom in other parts of the world, sparking a desire for similar freedoms.

Political associations formed in India before the Indian National Congress, playing a vital role in cultivating pride in Indian culture and rallying people against British rule.

The act of restricting the possession of firearms by Indians, passed by the British in 1878, highlighting the discriminatory nature of colonial rule.

The use of oppressive methods by the British to quell popular uprisings, further fueling the feeling of discontent among Indians and contributing to the rise of nationalism.

A group of early Congress leaders who believed in gradual reforms and peaceful methods to achieve self-governance.

The first session of the Indian National Congress, held in 1885 in Bombay, with WC Bonnerjee as the presiding officer.

The Indian National Congress played a significant role in voicing the demands of Indian people for greater autonomy and representation.

A political group advocating for Indian representation and reforms within the existing government structure.

Greater participation of Indians in government and administration.

More representative legislative councils with greater Indian participation.

Reduction in military spending, aimed at diverting funds to development and reducing the burden on taxpayers.

A group of Muslim landlords and nawabs formed the All India Muslim League in Dacca in 1906 to represent Muslims in the government.

The British reforms aimed to increase Indian involvement in the government but did not address their key concerns.

The reforms allotted separate electorates for Muslims, giving them reserved constituencies where they could only vote for candidates from their community.

Many associated with the National Movement became frustrated due to the slow pace of change and advocated for violence against British officials.

The Home Rule League aimed to achieve self-government for India, led by Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Annie Besant.

The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms expanded the Provincial Legislative Council and gave elected members more power, introducing a system of Dyarchy.

The period from the 1920s onwards, where diverse sections of Indian society participated in the freedom struggle, marked the mass phase of the Indian National Movement.

Leaders like VD Savarkar, Ajit Singh, Madam Bhikaiji Cama, and Lala Hardayal played significant roles in the Indian National Movement.

A peaceful resistance movement led by Mahatma Gandhi that utilized non-violent methods like boycotts, protests, and the rejection of titles to oppose British rule.

A law passed by the British government in 1919 that granted them the power to imprison individuals without trial, causing widespread outrage and protests in India.

A massacre that occurred on April 13, 1919, in Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar, where a peaceful assembly protesting against the arrest of two Indian leaders was fired upon by British troops under General Dyer, resulting in hundreds of deaths.

Gandhi's call for non-cooperation with the British government, encompassing boycotts of British institutions and goods, and the surrender of titles and honors bestowed by the British.

A program promoted by Gandhi for rural development, emphasizing the use of hand-spun cloth (Khadi) as a symbol of self-reliance and economic independence.

The division of Bengal by the British into two provinces in 1905, aimed at weakening Bengali nationalism, but backfired by uniting Indians.

The All India Muslim League was formed in 1906 by Muslim landlords, led by Salimullah Khan. Its objective was to represent Muslim interests in the government.

These 1909 reforms granted Muslims separate electorates, allowing them to choose their representatives. The Indian Councils Act of 1909 implemented this.

The Indian Council Act of 1892 excluded Indians from administration, leading to dissatisfaction among the Indian population.

Leaders like Bipin Chandra Pal, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, and Lala Lajpat Rai promoted more aggressive tactics for attaining self-rule.

The concept of self-rule, 'Swaraj', was a pivotal aspect of the radical movement. Tilak's slogan 'Swaraj is my birthright' echoed the sentiment.

The Swadeshi movement encouraged the use of Indian goods, and the boycott movement urged people to reject British products. These were responses to the Partition of Bengal.

The conflict between moderate and extremist leaders within the Indian National Congress (INC) surfaced at the Surat session in 1907.

A movement in 1920 by Indian Muslims to oppose British control after the partition of Turkey and the Sultan's loss of power.

A key incident in the Non-Cooperation Movement where police firing on peasants at Chauri Chaura led to a violent response, causing Gandhi to suspend the movement.

Congress leaders who supported entering legislative councils to influence British policies from within.

A group of Congress leaders who advocated for focusing on constructive work and community building in villages instead of participating in legislative councils.

A political party formed within the Congress in 1922 to engage in legislative politics and push for Swaraj (self-rule).

The method of protesting British rule through non-violent actions like boycotting British goods, leaving schools and colleges, and refusing to pay taxes.

A commission appointed by the British government in 1927 to study the working of the Government of India Act 1919. It had no Indian members, leading to widespread protests and boycotts.

The demand for complete independence from British rule in India, voiced by the Indian National Congress in 1929.

A major non-violent movement led by Mahatma Gandhi in 1930, aimed at challenging British rule and protesting the Salt Tax.

The Salt Law enforced by the British government, giving them a monopoly on salt production and requiring Indians to pay tax for its purchase.

A series of conferences held in London in 1930 and 1931 to discuss India's future, boycotted by the Congress in the first instance due to lack of representation.

An agreement signed between Mahatma Gandhi and the Viceroy Lord Irwin in 1931, where the Congress agreed to withdraw the Civil Disobedience Movement in exchange for concessions from the British.

The Act passed by the British government in 1935, aiming to establish a federal structure in India and grant provincial autonomy.

A non-violent protest march led by Mahatma Gandhi from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi in 1930, challenging the British Salt Law by making and collecting salt.

Gandhiji launched a nationwide movement demanding British withdrawal from India, urging Indians to "Do or Die" for freedom. This movement saw widespread strikes, protests, and arrests, ultimately highlighting the strong desire for independence.

The British government's attempt to grant a degree of self-governance to India through a federal structure with provincial autonomy and a bicameral legislature. However, it failed to meet the demands for full independence.

An important turning point in the struggle for independence, where thousands of Indians, inspired by Gandhiji's call for "Do or Die", participated in protests, strikes, and boycotts, showing their resolve for freedom.

In the 1937 elections, the Congress Party won a significant number of seats in the provincial legislatures, demonstrating its strong popularity and support among the Indian population.

Gandhiji's strategy of non-violent civil disobedience was revived as a response to the British government's failure to address demands for independence. This movement involved protests and the breaking of laws, drawing attention to the injustices of British rule.

The failure of the Third Round Table Conference without Congress participation highlighted the widening gap between British intentions and Indian aspirations for freedom. This demonstrated the need for a more direct and forceful approach to gain independence.

The British government's attempt to address Indian concerns through negotiations and talks, leading to two Round Table Conferences. While some promises were made, the ultimate goal of full independence remained elusive.

A concept put forward by the Muslim League that argued Hindus and Muslims were fundamentally different and required separate nations.

A day observed by the Muslim League in 1946 to emphasize their demand for Pakistan.

Severe violence between Hindus and Muslims that began in Calcutta and spread across India in 1946.

A temporary government established in India in 1946, led by Jawaharlal Nehru, with the Muslim League participating but unable to find common ground with the Congress.

A British mission that proposed a federal structure for India, a constituent assembly for drafting the constitution, and a temporary interim government, while rejecting the idea of Pakistan.

A plan offered by the Cabinet Mission for giving some autonomy to Muslim-majority regions, though not acceptable to the Muslim League.

A proposal put forward by the Cabinet Mission to create a federal India, with provinces of British India and princely states.

An assembly planned by the Cabinet Mission to draft a constitution for independent India.

A period in Indian history (1920s-30s) marked by the rise of new revolutionary organizations and armed resistance against British rule.

The Indian National Army was formed with Subhas Chandra Bose as a leader. They aimed to achieve independence through a direct fight against British colonial rule during World War II.

A 1946 mission by the British to negotiate with Indian leaders about the future of India. They suggested a federation of provinces and princely states with a constituent assembly to draft a constitution.

The division of India into two nations, India and Pakistan, in 1947. It followed tensions between Congress and the Muslim League over the division of the country.

The Kakori Conspiracy Case was a pivotal event in the Revival of Revolutionary Nationalism. This case involved Ram Prasad Bismil, Ashfaquallah Khan, and Rajendra Lahiri.

Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, and Rajguru, prominent revolutionaries, were involved in the Lahore Conspiracy Case. This case, related to an attempt to assassinate a British official, resulted in their execution.

Surya Sen, Pritilata Wadeddar, and Kalpana Dutt were involved in the Chittagong Armouries Raid, a significant event in the Revival of Revolutionary Nationalism.

Chandra Shekhar Azad was a prominent revolutionary who was killed in an encounter in Allahabad. He played a key role in the revival of revolutionary nationalism.