Podcast
Questions and Answers
What process, similar to mitosis, involves the separation of sister chromatids?
What process, similar to mitosis, involves the separation of sister chromatids?
- Meiosis I
- Fertilization
- Crossing over
- Meiosis II (correct)
Which event occurs during meiosis I, contributing to genetic variation?
Which event occurs during meiosis I, contributing to genetic variation?
- Separation of sister chromatids
- Pairing of homologous chromosomes and crossing over (correct)
- Chromosome duplication
- Formation of daughter cells
What is the direct result of meiosis in a cell?
What is the direct result of meiosis in a cell?
- Four diploid daughter cells
- Four haploid daughter cells (correct)
- Two diploid daughter cells
- Two haploid daughter cells
How many chromosomal duplications occur during meiosis?
How many chromosomal duplications occur during meiosis?
Which process contributes significantly to genetic variation in gametes?
Which process contributes significantly to genetic variation in gametes?
What is the outcome of nondisjunction?
What is the outcome of nondisjunction?
What is the typical result of mitosis?
What is the typical result of mitosis?
How does crossing over affect genetic variation?
How does crossing over affect genetic variation?
What is a primary difference between mitosis and meiosis?
What is a primary difference between mitosis and meiosis?
In the context of meiosis, what does 'n' represent?
In the context of meiosis, what does 'n' represent?
Which of the following conditions is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21?
Which of the following conditions is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21?
If nondisjunction occurs during meiosis II, what is the likely outcome?
If nondisjunction occurs during meiosis II, what is the likely outcome?
What is the significance of meiosis in sexually reproducing organisms?
What is the significance of meiosis in sexually reproducing organisms?
Which of the following is true regarding diploid and haploid cells in the human life cycle?
Which of the following is true regarding diploid and haploid cells in the human life cycle?
A cell from a human contains 46 chromosomes (2n=46). After meiosis I, each cell will contain how many chromosomes?
A cell from a human contains 46 chromosomes (2n=46). After meiosis I, each cell will contain how many chromosomes?
Assuming that two genes are located on different homologous chromosomes, what is the probability that the allele received for one gene will be inherited with the allele for the other gene?
Assuming that two genes are located on different homologous chromosomes, what is the probability that the allele received for one gene will be inherited with the allele for the other gene?
Which event is most likely to trigger the start of the cell cycle?
Which event is most likely to trigger the start of the cell cycle?
Why is it more difficult to observe individual chromosomes during interphase compared to mitosis?
Why is it more difficult to observe individual chromosomes during interphase compared to mitosis?
If a cell completes the cell cycle but fails to undergo cytokinesis, what would be the immediate result?
If a cell completes the cell cycle but fails to undergo cytokinesis, what would be the immediate result?
What characteristic defines a malignant tumor?
What characteristic defines a malignant tumor?
Compared to a human intestinal cell, how many chromosomes would be found in a human sperm cell?
Compared to a human intestinal cell, how many chromosomes would be found in a human sperm cell?
A cell from a mouse has 19 chromosomes each consisting of two sister chromatids aligned during cell division. During which stage of meiosis is it most likely to be?
A cell from a mouse has 19 chromosomes each consisting of two sister chromatids aligned during cell division. During which stage of meiosis is it most likely to be?
Given the increasing risk of Down Syndrome with maternal age, what cellular process is most likely affected?
Given the increasing risk of Down Syndrome with maternal age, what cellular process is most likely affected?
What term did Mendel use to describe heritable units?
What term did Mendel use to describe heritable units?
What is a character, in the context of Mendelian genetics?
What is a character, in the context of Mendelian genetics?
What is a trait, in the context of Mendelian genetics?
What is a trait, in the context of Mendelian genetics?
A pea plant with purple flowers is crossed with a pea plant with white flowers. All of the resulting offspring have purple flowers. What does this indicate about the allele for purple flowers?
A pea plant with purple flowers is crossed with a pea plant with white flowers. All of the resulting offspring have purple flowers. What does this indicate about the allele for purple flowers?
What is the meaning of 'homozygous' in genetics?
What is the meaning of 'homozygous' in genetics?
Mendel's law of segregation states that:
Mendel's law of segregation states that:
In a Punnett square, what does each box represent?
In a Punnett square, what does each box represent?
What is the difference between phenotype and genotype?
What is the difference between phenotype and genotype?
In genetics, what is a testcross used for?
In genetics, what is a testcross used for?
Assuming independent assortment, what is the probability of flipping two coins and getting heads on both?
Assuming independent assortment, what is the probability of flipping two coins and getting heads on both?
In a pedigree, what does a shaded circle typically represent?
In a pedigree, what does a shaded circle typically represent?
In a pedigree analysis, if two unaffected parents have an affected child, what can be concluded about the trait?
In a pedigree analysis, if two unaffected parents have an affected child, what can be concluded about the trait?
What condition is characterized by an excessive secretion of thick mucus from the lungs and pancreas?
What condition is characterized by an excessive secretion of thick mucus from the lungs and pancreas?
What is the difference between pleiotropy and polygenic inheritance?
What is the difference between pleiotropy and polygenic inheritance?
Which term describes the transmission of traits by mechanisms not directly linked to alterations of the DNA sequence?
Which term describes the transmission of traits by mechanisms not directly linked to alterations of the DNA sequence?
Why is it nearly impossible for a genetic description for human heights to be totally and absolutely accurate?
Why is it nearly impossible for a genetic description for human heights to be totally and absolutely accurate?
Flashcards
What is heredity?
What is heredity?
The transmission of traits from one generation to the next.
What is genetics?
What is genetics?
The scientific study of heredity.
What are alleles?
What are alleles?
Alternative version of a gene.
What does homozygous mean?
What does homozygous mean?
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What does heterozygous mean?
What does heterozygous mean?
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What is a dominant allele?
What is a dominant allele?
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What is a recessive allele?
What is a recessive allele?
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What is the law of segregation?
What is the law of segregation?
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What is phenotype?
What is phenotype?
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What is genotype?
What is genotype?
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What is the law of independent assortment?
What is the law of independent assortment?
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What is a testcross?
What is a testcross?
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What is incomplete dominance?
What is incomplete dominance?
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What is codominance?
What is codominance?
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What is pleiotropy?
What is pleiotropy?
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What is polygenic inheritance?
What is polygenic inheritance?
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What is epigenetic inheritance?
What is epigenetic inheritance?
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What are wild-type traits?
What are wild-type traits?
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Study Notes
- Gametes and the Life Cycle of a Sexual Organism
Human Life Cycle
- Meiosis is a process that produces haploid gametes (n = 23).
- Fertilization is the fusion of a sperm and an egg, restoring the diploid number (2n = 46) in the zygote.
- Mitosis and development lead to the formation of a diploid adult (2n = 46).
The Process of Meiosis
- Meiosis is preceded by chromosome duplication, similar to mitosis.
- Meiosis involves two cell divisions, resulting in four daughter cells.
- Meiosis I involves the pairing of homologous chromosomes and crossing over.
- Meiosis I separates homologous pairs, producing two daughter cells with one set of duplicated chromosomes.
- Meiosis II is similar to mitosis where sister chromatids separate.
Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis
- Mitosis starts with a parent cell (2n), undergoes chromosome duplication, and produces two daughter cells (2n)
- Meiosis starts with a parent cell (2n), undergoes chromosome duplication, has meiosis I with pairing of homologous chromosomes and crossing over and meiosis II, and produces four daughter cells (n)
The Origins of Genetic Variation
- Homologous pairs consist of chromosomes from different parents, carrying different gene versions.
- Chromosome pair arrangements during metaphase I lead to varied chromosome combinations in eggs and sperm.
- Random fertilization increases variation.
- Crossing over during prophase I further enhances variation.
When Meiosis Goes Awry
- Abnormal chromosome numbers can result from nondisjunction, leading to genetic disorders.
- Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate correctly.
- Nondisjunction can also affect sex chromosomes, leading to varied degrees of malfunction.
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