Gallstones and Cholecystitis

In a patient status post spinal cord injury, which pathophysiological mechanism most directly contributes to cholesterol gallstone formation?

Following a cholecystectomy, a patient reports persistent abdominal bloating and intolerance to fatty foods despite adhering to dietary recommendations. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon?

A patient with advanced cirrhosis develops spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP). Which pathophysiological mechanism most directly predisposes this patient to SBP?

In a patient with portal hypertension secondary to cirrhosis, which of the following mediators is most directly responsible for the development of esophageal varices?

A patient with chronic hepatitis B develops hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Which molecular mechanism is most directly implicated in HBV-related hepatocarcinogenesis?

Which serological marker indicates resolution of acute hepatitis B infection and subsequent immunity?

A patient with chronic hepatitis C infection is started on direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy. What is the primary mechanism of action of DAAs in eradicating HCV?

In alcoholic hepatitis, which pathological change within the liver is most closely associated with disease progression and mortality?

Which of the following best describes the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)?

A patient admitted with acute liver failure exhibits asterixis. Which underlying pathophysiological mechanism is most directly responsible for this clinical sign?

What is the underlying mechanism behind the jaundice observed in liver failure?

Why is prothrombin time (PT) prolonged in patients with advanced liver disease?

What is the rationale behind advising patients with liver disease to avoid acetaminophen (Tylenol)?

In hepatitis A infection, what does the presence of anti-hepatitis A virus Immunoglobulin G (IgG) indicate?

Why are patients with ascites often advised to restrict their sodium intake?

A patient with chronic hepatitis C develops ascites and hepatic encephalopathy. Which of the following pathophysiological mechanisms contributes most directly to the development of hepatic encephalopathy?

In a patient with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which of the following histological findings would be most indicative of disease progression towards cirrhosis?

A patient with chronic hepatitis B is being monitored for potential development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Which surveillance strategy is most appropriate?

A patient with advanced cirrhosis develops hepatorenal syndrome. Which pathophysiological mechanism is most directly responsible for the renal dysfunction in this condition?

A patient presents with acute hepatitis E infection contracted during international travel. Which of the following statements regarding hepatitis E is most accurate?

Which of the following statements accurately describes the mechanism by which lactulose reduces hepatic encephalopathy?

A patient with cirrhosis develops spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP). Paracentesis reveals a neutrophil count of 300 cells/mm³ in the ascitic fluid. According to current guidelines, what is the most appropriate initial management?

A patient with jaundice and suspected hepatocellular disease has the following lab results: markedly elevated AST and ALT, moderately elevated alkaline phosphatase, and a normal GGT. Which of the following conditions is LEAST likely?

What is the primary rationale for using rifaximin in the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy?

A patient with long-standing ulcerative colitis is diagnosed with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?

A patient is diagnosed with Budd-Chiari syndrome. Which of the following is the most accurate description of the underlying pathophysiology?

A patient with decompensated cirrhosis and refractory ascites is undergoing large-volume paracentesis. Which complication is most likely to occur following the procedure?

What is the most likely mechanism by which isoniazid causes liver injury?

A patient presents with RUQ pain, fever, and jaundice. Imaging reveals a choledochal cyst. What is the most appropriate long-term management strategy?

A patient with hereditary hemochromatosis develops cirrhosis. What is the primary mechanism by which iron overload leads to liver damage?

A patient is suspected of having Wilson's disease. Which diagnostic test is most specific for this condition?

A patient undergoes liver transplantation. What is the primary mechanism of action of calcineurin inhibitors, such as tacrolimus, in preventing graft rejection?

A patient with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency develops cirrhosis. What is the underlying mechanism by which the deficiency leads to liver damage?

A patient with cirrhosis and esophageal varices is being treated with non-selective beta-blockers. What is the primary rationale for this therapy?

A patient with decompensated cirrhosis develops hepatopulmonary syndrome. What is the primary abnormality underlying this condition?

A patient with acute liver failure due to acetaminophen overdose is being considered for liver transplantation. Which prognostic scoring system is most commonly used to assess the severity of liver failure and predict the likelihood of survival?

A patient with a history of intravenous drug use presents with symptoms of acute hepatitis. Serological testing reveals a positive anti-HCV antibody but a negative HCV RNA. What is the most likely interpretation of these results?

A patient develops significant ascites despite maximal medical therapy, including sodium restriction and high-dose diuretics. What intervention should be considered next?

A patient with alcoholic cirrhosis presents with sudden onset of hematemesis. After initial resuscitation, what is the most important next step in management?

A patient with chronic liver disease develops hepatic hydrothorax. What is the underlying mechanism leading to fluid accumulation in the pleural space?

A patient with chronic hepatitis C infection is being considered for treatment with direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs). What baseline laboratory test is essential prior to initiating therapy?

A patient with cirrhosis develops spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP). Besides antibiotics, what additional treatment has been shown to improve survival in these patients?