Podcast
Questions and Answers
What occurs during the heel strike phase of the gait cycle?
What occurs during the heel strike phase of the gait cycle?
- The foot is fully plantar flexed.
- The ankle is fully dorsiflexed.
- The hip is in full extension.
- The knee is in full extension. (correct)
What is the primary goal during the foot flat-loading response phase?
What is the primary goal during the foot flat-loading response phase?
- To maintain hip flexion.
- To accelerate forward motion.
- To initiate the heel rise.
- To absorb shock and lower the foot. (correct)
During the mid-stance phase of the gait cycle, what position are the hip and knee typically in?
During the mid-stance phase of the gait cycle, what position are the hip and knee typically in?
- Hip in flexion, knee in extension.
- Both in extension. (correct)
- Hip in extension, knee in flexion.
- Both in flexion.
What defines the heel rocker function during the stance phase?
What defines the heel rocker function during the stance phase?
At which percentage of the gait cycle does heel strike occur?
At which percentage of the gait cycle does heel strike occur?
What position does the ankle adopt during the mid-stance phase?
What position does the ankle adopt during the mid-stance phase?
What happens to the center of gravity during the heel strike phase?
What happens to the center of gravity during the heel strike phase?
In the foot flat phase, what degree is the knee flexed?
In the foot flat phase, what degree is the knee flexed?
What is the angle of flexion at heel strike?
What is the angle of flexion at heel strike?
During the mid stance phase, what is the degree of flexion of the knee?
During the mid stance phase, what is the degree of flexion of the knee?
Which muscles are active during the mid stance phase of the hip joint?
Which muscles are active during the mid stance phase of the hip joint?
At heel off, which moment increases for the ankle?
At heel off, which moment increases for the ankle?
What happens to hamstring activation during mid stance in relation to knee flexion?
What happens to hamstring activation during mid stance in relation to knee flexion?
Which muscle group is maximum during heel off?
Which muscle group is maximum during heel off?
At toe off, which movement occurs to the tarsometatarsal level?
At toe off, which movement occurs to the tarsometatarsal level?
What is the role of the quadriceps during mid stance?
What is the role of the quadriceps during mid stance?
What is the normal width of the support surface during walking?
What is the normal width of the support surface during walking?
What characterizes a normal gait in terms of steps per minute?
What characterizes a normal gait in terms of steps per minute?
What muscle group is primarily activated to create a dorsiflexion moment after heel strike?
What muscle group is primarily activated to create a dorsiflexion moment after heel strike?
How much pelvic tilt occurs during walking in degrees?
How much pelvic tilt occurs during walking in degrees?
During the foot flat phase, which moment is primarily created?
During the foot flat phase, which moment is primarily created?
What position is the knee in during the midstance phase?
What position is the knee in during the midstance phase?
What occurs if the width of the support surface falls below 5 cm?
What occurs if the width of the support surface falls below 5 cm?
During the heel strike phase, the ankle is in what position?
During the heel strike phase, the ankle is in what position?
Which muscle is primarily active before and during the midstance phase?
Which muscle is primarily active before and during the midstance phase?
What happens when the vertical displacement of the gravity center rises above normal?
What happens when the vertical displacement of the gravity center rises above normal?
How does pelvic tilt contribute to energy consumption during walking?
How does pelvic tilt contribute to energy consumption during walking?
What type of contraction do the Quadriceps perform immediately after heel strike?
What type of contraction do the Quadriceps perform immediately after heel strike?
What is the average amount of vertical displacement in the gravity center for an adult male?
What is the average amount of vertical displacement in the gravity center for an adult male?
What happens to the double support period during fast gait?
What happens to the double support period during fast gait?
Which phase is characterized by the gradual activation of plantar flexor muscles?
Which phase is characterized by the gradual activation of plantar flexor muscles?
Which anatomical feature helps to maintain the vertical limits of the gravity center during movement?
Which anatomical feature helps to maintain the vertical limits of the gravity center during movement?
What role does the gluteus medius play in the lateral displacement of the center of gravity?
What role does the gluteus medius play in the lateral displacement of the center of gravity?
What is the knee position just before the heel strike?
What is the knee position just before the heel strike?
What joint position characterizes the foot flat phase of walking?
What joint position characterizes the foot flat phase of walking?
Which forces are primarily responsible for the motion during the midstance phase?
Which forces are primarily responsible for the motion during the midstance phase?
What can occur if there is no normal valgus in the knee?
What can occur if there is no normal valgus in the knee?
How is the width of the support surface related to the center of gravity?
How is the width of the support surface related to the center of gravity?
What is the consequence of pelvic tilt during lateral displacement?
What is the consequence of pelvic tilt during lateral displacement?
What effect does the angulation of the knee have on the displacement of the center of gravity?
What effect does the angulation of the knee have on the displacement of the center of gravity?
What is the primary function of the quadriceps femoris after toe off during the swing phase?
What is the primary function of the quadriceps femoris after toe off during the swing phase?
What is the maximum flexion value reached by the knee during the mid swing phase?
What is the maximum flexion value reached by the knee during the mid swing phase?
What forces act on the hip joint during the mid stance phase of gait?
What forces act on the hip joint during the mid stance phase of gait?
What is the typical range of step length in centimeters during normal gait?
What is the typical range of step length in centimeters during normal gait?
During which phase does the hip begin in a neutral position before transitioning to flexion?
During which phase does the hip begin in a neutral position before transitioning to flexion?
What role do the hamstrings play at the end of the swing phase?
What role do the hamstrings play at the end of the swing phase?
What is the average width of step width in centimeters during normal gait?
What is the average width of step width in centimeters during normal gait?
How do the muscles tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, and extensor hallucis longus function during the swing phase?
How do the muscles tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, and extensor hallucis longus function during the swing phase?
Flashcards
Heel Strike
Heel Strike
Initial contact of the heel with the ground, beginning the stance phase of gait.
Heel Rocker
Heel Rocker
The body pivots forward over the heel as a fulcrum, advancing the stepping limb.
Foot Flat
Foot Flat
The sole of the foot touches the ground shortly after heel strike. It's the first stage of double support.
Mid-Stance
Mid-Stance
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Ankle Rocker
Ankle Rocker
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Gait Cycle
Gait Cycle
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Stance Phase
Stance Phase
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Double Support
Double Support
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Vertical displacement of gravity center
Vertical displacement of gravity center
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Lateral displacement of gravity center
Lateral displacement of gravity center
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Pelvic rotation
Pelvic rotation
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Pelvic tilt
Pelvic tilt
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Gluteus medius function
Gluteus medius function
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Knee valgus angle
Knee valgus angle
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Energy efficiency in walking
Energy efficiency in walking
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Kinematic determinants
Kinematic determinants
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Support Surface Width
Support Surface Width
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Cadence of Gait
Cadence of Gait
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Ankle Joint at Heel Strike
Ankle Joint at Heel Strike
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Ankle Joint at Foot Flat
Ankle Joint at Foot Flat
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Ankle Joint at Mid-Stance
Ankle Joint at Mid-Stance
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Ankle Joint: Heel Strike - Internal Forces
Ankle Joint: Heel Strike - Internal Forces
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Ankle Dorsiflexion
Ankle Dorsiflexion
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Ankle Plantarflexion
Ankle Plantarflexion
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When are Dorsiflexors most active?
When are Dorsiflexors most active?
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When are Plantarflexors most active?
When are Plantarflexors most active?
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Knee Extension During Gait
Knee Extension During Gait
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Quadriceps Function During Gait
Quadriceps Function During Gait
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What are the External Forces on the Knee?
What are the External Forces on the Knee?
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What are the Internal Forces on the Knee?
What are the Internal Forces on the Knee?
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Hip Flexion at Heel Strike
Hip Flexion at Heel Strike
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Hip Flexion at Foot Flat
Hip Flexion at Foot Flat
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Hip Flexion at Mid-Stance
Hip Flexion at Mid-Stance
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Hip External Forces at Heel Strike
Hip External Forces at Heel Strike
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Hip Internal Forces at Heel Strike
Hip Internal Forces at Heel Strike
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Hip External Forces at Foot Flat
Hip External Forces at Foot Flat
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Hip Internal Forces at Foot Flat
Hip Internal Forces at Foot Flat
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Hip External Forces at Mid-Stance
Hip External Forces at Mid-Stance
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Toe Off Force
Toe Off Force
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Hip Muscles in Mid-Stance
Hip Muscles in Mid-Stance
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Hip Muscles at Heel Off
Hip Muscles at Heel Off
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Ankle Muscles in Swing Phase
Ankle Muscles in Swing Phase
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Knee Muscles in Swing Phase
Knee Muscles in Swing Phase
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Hamstring Function at End of Swing Phase
Hamstring Function at End of Swing Phase
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Hip Muscles in Swing Phase
Hip Muscles in Swing Phase
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Step Length
Step Length
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Study Notes
Gait Definition
- Gait is rhythmic alternating movements of the trunk and extremities, displacing the center of gravity forward.
- Biomechanically, walking is rhythmic loss and gain of balance.
- Gait cycle is the time between the heel stroke of one lower limb and the subsequent heel stroke of the same limb.
Normal Gait Cycle
- Divided into two main phases: Stance and Swing.
- Stance phase in adults covers 60% of walking period (maximum 70%), and swing phase 40%.
- Stance phase has multiple phases.
Stance Phase
- Heel Strike: Initial contact, hip at 30° flexion, knee full extension, ankle neutral, and foot supinated. Goal is to lower the foot onto the ground with the heel first.
- Heel Contact: Heel touches the ground.
- Foot Flat: Sole of the foot touches the ground, and the cycle is at 2-10%. Also, the first double support phase.
- Mid-Stance: Body's center of gravity is on the fixed foot vertically at 10-30%.
- Heel Off: Terminal stance -heel rise, 30-50%. The single stance phase ends. Hip at 10° extension, knee transitioning from extension to flexion, and ankle in plantar flexion. Goal is to cut off the leg from the ground.
- Toe Off: Detachment of fingers from the floor and the beginning of the pre-swing phase at 50-60%. The stance phase ends, and the swing phase starts.
Double Support Phase
- Briefly, when both lower limbs are in contact with the ground.
- One lower limb is between heel stroke and foot flat, and the other between lower extremity thrust phase and toe off.
- Covers 25% of walking period at normal speed.
- Characterized with prolongation in slow walking.
- It separates walking from running.
Heel Rocker
- Foot touches the ground, body starts to turn forward over the heel.
- Heel works as a fulcrum of a lever, and advances the entire heel of the stepping limb.
Foot Flat
- Shortly after the heel touches the ground, the sole also touches the ground (2-10% of cycle, and also the first double support phase).
- Body weight transfers to the foot until the other foot is lifted.
Mid-Stance
- The cycle is at 10-30%, the beginning of the single stance phase.
- Body's center of gravity is on the fixed foot vertically.
- Hip and knee are in extension, ankle is in dorsiflexion.
- The goal is to move the trunk forward on the foot that is fixed on the ground.
- The forward speed of the body's center of gravity is minimized.
Ankle Rocker
- When the entire foot touches the ground, rotation ends in the heel and starts in the ankle.
- The foot is fixed on the floor.
Forefoot Rocker
- When GRFV reaches the front foot, the heel lifts off the ground.
- Rotation in the ankle ends, and the front foot rotation begins.
- Progress accelerates as the VAM-COG support area falls in front of its center.
Toe Off
- Detachment of fingers from the floor.
- Gait cycle 50-60%.
- Stance phase ends, and the swing phase begins.
- Also forms the second double support phase.
- Hip extension, knee flexion, and ankle plantar flexion increase.
- The goal is to prepare the leg for swing.
Push-off Phase
- Time between heel separation from the ground and finger separation from the ground.
- Heel of the stance foot leaves the ground.
- Toes remain on the ground.
- Body accelerates with calf muscle activation.
- Stance phase ends when toes separate from the floor, and the limb enters the swing phase.
Swing Phase
- Divided into three phases: Initial swing, Mid swing, and Terminal swing.
Acceleration-Initial Swing
- Begins as soon as toes leave the ground.
- The foot accelerates so the heel touches the ground in front of the body.
- Gait cycle 60-73% lifting of the foot from the ground.
- Ends when the foot reaches the level of the other limb.
Mid-Swing Phase
- Begins when the foot accelerates forward in the air.
- The limb should be above the ground at this time (73-87% gait cycle).
- The swinging leg comes to the stance leg and passes in front of it to avoid touching ground.
- Hip and knee flexion active, and ankle dorsiflexion in action.
- Goal is to transfer the foot without touching the ground.
Deceleration-Terminal Swing
- Gait cycle 87-100%.
- Oscillating leg passes in front of the pressing leg.
- Ends when the foot touches the ground.
- Hip in flexion, knee in extension, and ankle in neutral position.
- The goal is to prepare the foot to step on the ground.
Determinants of Normal Gait
- Six movements have been identified to reduce displacements of the body's center of gravity during walking:
- Vertical displacement of the gravity center.
- Lateral displacement of the gravity center.
- Pelvic rotation.
- Pelvic tilt.
- Width of support surface.
- Cadence of gait.
Kinematic Parameters
- Joint angles, speed and accelerations.
Kinetic Analysis
- Ground reaction forces.
- External and internal moments and forces.
Gait Disorders
- Short leg gait: Divided into three groups based on shortness (0-4cm, 5-9cm, and 10cm+). Compensation is possible by lowering the short-sided pelvis, or bringing the short side foot to the equinus position .
- Gait disorders due to static instability of hip joint, (Coxa vara, Coxa valga, Hip dislocation).
- Causes reversal of normal hip stabilization, with a resulting Trendelenburg symptom.
- Gait disorders in neurological diseases (Antalgic gait, and paralytic gait : Gluteus max, Gluteus Medius , Quadriceps Femoris, hamstring, Paralysis of Dorsiflexors, Paralysis of Plantar).
- Ataxia Gaita, is a neurological gait disorder, characterized by wide-based gait.
Gait Analysis Techniques
- Observational analysis.
- Kinematic Analysis
- Kinetic Analysis.
Assessment Methods
- Visual observations (including speed, posture, and sequence).
- Video recordings and data collection (using markers, force platforms, etc).
Gait Analysis Laboratory
- Uses transmitters to record movement data.
- Measures ground reaction forces and EMG.
- Numerical data evaluation and interpretation alongside clinical patient status.
Pre-requisites for Gait
- Balance.
- Progress.
- Shock absorption.
- Frugality in energy expenditure.
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Description
Test your knowledge of the gait cycle phases, focusing on heel strike, foot flat, mid-stance, and heel off. This quiz covers key positions, angles, and muscle activations during these important phases of human movement.
