G51SYS: Networks and Architecture Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of a hub in a network?

A hub connects multiple devices in a network and transmits data packets to all connected devices.

How does a bridge improve network efficiency compared to a hub?

A bridge reduces collision domains by connecting multiple networks and filtering traffic, allowing only relevant data to pass through.

Explain the role of a switch in a local area network (LAN).

A switch intelligently forwards data to specific devices based on their MAC addresses, reducing unnecessary data transmission.

What is a VLAN, and why is it used in networking?

<p>A VLAN (Virtual Local Area Network) segments a physical network into multiple logical networks to enhance security and minimize broadcast traffic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a Network Interface Card (NIC) in a computer?

<p>A NIC connects a computer to a network, providing the necessary hardware interface for communication and includes a unique MAC address.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when bridge α transmits a frame at time t1?

<p>Bridge α updates its database to indicate that station A is in the direction of LAN Y and retransmits the frame.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do bridges differ from repeaters in terms of network connectivity?

<p>Bridges can connect networks in different geographical locations requiring a telecommunication link, while repeaters cannot.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of a hub?

<p>A hub interconnects incoming data onto all outgoing connections without examining the contents of the frame.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between managed and unmanaged hubs?

<p>Managed hubs possess processing power and can be controlled remotely, whereas unmanaged hubs have little or no intelligence and cannot be managed remotely.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe how switches function within a network.

<p>Switches interconnect multiple workstations like a hub but can filter out frames for network segmentation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when both bridges receive the frame from station A?

<p>Each bridge updates its database to indicate that station A is in the direction of LAN Y, preventing them from forwarding frames addressed to A.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are wireless bridges important in networking?

<p>Wireless bridges provide limited-distance remote connections, facilitating communication without physical cables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do bridges impact data transmission in a network?

<p>Bridges can cause multiple copies of frames to be sent to a destination, which can lead to inefficiencies if not managed properly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a bridge in a network?

<p>A bridge connects and filters traffic between different network segments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference between a store-and-forward switch and a cut-through switch.

<p>A store-and-forward switch waits to receive the entire frame before forwarding, while a cut-through switch forwards the frame as soon as the destination address is received.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main functions that a bridge cannot perform?

<p>A bridge cannot determine the most efficient path for data and lacks advanced traffic management functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a switch differ from a bridge in terms of frame handling?

<p>A switch handles frames using hardware and can manage multiple frames simultaneously, unlike a bridge, which processes one frame at a time via software.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) ring standard in networking?

<p>FDDI provides a high-speed, reliable data transmission medium using fiber optics, which enhances network performance and reduces collision domains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define Shannon's theorem related to data transmission.

<p>Shannon's theorem predicts the maximum data rate achievable over a noisy communication channel given its bandwidth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Distinguish between a managed hub and an unmanaged hub.

<p>A managed hub allows for network management features and monitoring, while an unmanaged hub operates without any configuration and is more basic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a repeater in network topology?

<p>A repeater amplifies and regenerates signals to extend the range of a network.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does a repeater play in a Local Area Network (LAN)?

<p>A repeater amplifies electrical signals to extend the distance they can travel in a LAN.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do bridges improve the performance of a LAN compared to repeaters?

<p>Bridges enhance LAN performance by dividing the network into segments and not forwarding erroneous frames.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic defines a transparent bridge?

<p>A transparent bridge requires no initial programming and learns the locations of devices automatically.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a collision occurs in a network segment with a repeater?

<p>The repeater recreates the signals including the collision signal, affecting all segments it connects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a source-routing bridge?

<p>A source-routing bridge forwards packets based on the complete route contained in the packet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are bridges generally preferred over repeaters in network design?

<p>Bridges are preferred because they do not forward erroneous frames, enhancing overall network reliability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a data packet if its destination address is on the segment it was received from when processed by a transparent bridge?

<p>The transparent bridge discards the packet if the destination address matches the incoming segment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way do bridges classify themselves based on how they operate?

<p>Bridges can be classified as transparent or source-routing based on their operation mechanism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Bridge Loop Problem

A situation where a bridge receives the same frame multiple times, leading to inefficient data transmission and potential network issues.

Bridge

A device that connects different network segments (LANs) and filters traffic based on MAC addresses, allowing efficient communication.

Wireless Bridge

A type of bridge that allows wireless connections, enabling data transmission over longer distances.

Hub

A device that forwards all incoming traffic to all connected devices, regardless of destination.

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Managed Hub

A type of hub with advanced features that allow for network management and control, such as VLANs and port security.

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Unmanaged Hub

A more basic type of hub with limited intelligence and no network management capabilities.

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Switch

A network device that combines features of a hub and bridge, allowing for efficient data transmission and network segmentation.

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Network Protocol

A network communication protocol that governs the communication between devices within a network.

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Repeater

A device used to extend a LAN by connecting two segments. It amplifies electrical signals to overcome signal weakening over distance.

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Repeater limitation

A repeater's drawback is that it forwards all signals without checking their validity, including collisions and errors.

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Bridge Learning

The process by which a bridge learns the MAC addresses of devices on the network and their corresponding segments.

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Transparent Bridge

This type of bridge automatically learns network device locations by associating MAC addresses with segments. It requires no initial configuration.

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Source-Routing Bridge

This type of bridge requires the route to the destination to be specified in the packet itself. The bridge just forwards the packet based on the route information.

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Non-Transparent Bridge

A bridge that does not filter frames based on their MAC addresses, forwarding all incoming frames to both connected segments.

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VLAN (Virtual Local Area Network)

A feature that allows a switch to create logical groups of network devices. It creates separate broadcast domains within a single physical network and improves security and efficiency.

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NIC (Network Interface Card)

A network interface card (NIC) is a hardware component that connects a computer to a network. It has a unique MAC address for identification.

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Store-and-forward switch

A switch that examines the entire frame before forwarding it, ensuring data integrity.

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Cut-through switch

A switch that starts forwarding frames before they have fully arrived, based on the destination address.

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Study Notes

Module Information

  • Module code: G51SYS
  • Topic: Systems and Architecture

Objectives

  • Discuss repeaters, bridges, hubs, and switches in a network
  • Differentiate between two types of bridges

Repeaters

  • Electrical signals weaken as they travel
  • Repeaters join LANs to overcome signal weakness
  • Continuously monitor electrical signals on each LAN
  • Do not understand the difference between a valid frame and other electrical signals
  • A collision/interference on one segment causes a repeater to recreate signals on the other segment (even overlapping signals)

Bridges

  • Electronic devices that interconnect LAN segments
  • Improve LAN performance by dividing the LAN into segments with a bridge between them
  • Listen to traffic on each segment in promiscuous mode, forwarding all frames
  • More popular than repeaters as they do not forward erroneous frames (like collisions or noise)
  • Two LAN segments connected by a bridge behave like a single LAN

Transparent Bridges

  • Require no initial programming (adaptive/learning bridge)
  • Learn computer locations automatically after installation
  • Learn locations of network devices by associating source addresses of incoming packets with the line they were received on
  • Analyze data packets' destination addresses
  • Discard packets if the destination is on the same segment as the source
  • Forward packets if the destination is on a different segment

Source-Routing Bridge

  • Entire route to the destination station is in the packet sent by the source
  • Passes the packet to the next device in line as specified by the route in the packet
  • The next device may be another bridge or the destination device

Learning Bridge

  • Diagram of a learning bridge with addresses and ports

Loop Problem in Bridges (Example)

  • Station A transmits a frame to station B, captured by both bridges
  • Bridges update their databases to know stations are on LAN X and Y, retransmitting on LAN Y
  • Bridge B receives two copies of the frame.
  • Each bridge receives the other's transmission on LAN Y, the frame having a source address of A and a destination address of B
  • Bridges update their databases, now unable to forward frames addressed to station A.

Bridges and LANs with Alternative Routes

  • Diagram showing bridges connecting different LANs

Bridge and Repeater Comparison

  • Bridges connect networks in different geographical locations requiring a telecommunication link
  • Wireless bridges suitable for limited-distance remote connections

Hub

  • Device that interconnects incoming data onto all outgoing connections
  • Works at the physical layer
  • Immediately forwards frames without examining or modifying their content
  • Sends a copy of data from one workstation to all other workstations connected to the hub

Managed Hub vs. Unmanaged Hub

  • Managed hub: sufficient processing power, manageable remotely, participates in network management operations
  • Unmanaged hub: little or no intelligence, cannot be controlled remotely, cannot participate in network management operations, less expensive

Switches

  • Combination of a hub and bridge
  • Interconnects multiple workstations like a hub, but filters frames to segment the network
  • Provides a significant decrease in interconnection traffic
  • Increases throughput of interconnected networks without additional cabling or device rearrangements

Switch vs. Bridge

  • Bridge: frame handled by software, analyzes and forwards one frame at a time, uses store-and-forward operation
  • Switch: frame handled by hardware, handles multiple frames at a time, can have cut-through operation

Store-and-Forward Switch and Cut-Through Switch

  • Store-and-forward switch: stores each incoming frame entirely, examines it, then forwards it.
  • Cut-through switch: starts forwarding incoming frames before they arrive completely, forwards as soon as the destination address is in.

Layer of Operation

  • Bridge/LAN switch operates in the Link layer
  • Repeater/hub operates in the Physical layer

Bridging Between Buildings

  • Diagram of a bridge connecting LAN segments in two buildings
  • An optical fiber connects the bridge to a remote LAN segment.

Bridging Across Longer Distances

  • Diagram of a bridge using a leased satellite channel to connect LAN segments
  • A satellite bridge can span arbitrary distances.

Review Questions

  • Explain the difference between transparent and source-routing bridges
  • Explain the difference between managed and unmanaged hubs
  • Describe the importance of the Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) ring standard
  • State Shannon's theorem

Networking Hardware (additional slides)

  • Diagrams illustrating hubs, repeaters, bridges, switches, VLANs, and NICs

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Related Documents

Lecture 4 B (Networks) PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on systems and architecture with a focus on network devices like repeaters, bridges, hubs, and switches. This quiz will help you differentiate the functions of these devices and understand their impact on LAN performance. Prepare to explore key concepts for enhancing network efficiency.

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