DNA Replication and Lagging Strand Synthesis Quiz with Learning Objectives #2

DNA wraps around histone proteins — positively charged called what?

Single-stranded Binding (SSB) Proteins bind to what is created by helicase?

Describe the composition and structure of a DNA molecule

what are Heterochromatin?

DNA backbones run in opposite directions called?

What is the complementary sequence of the DNA strand 5'-ATCGGTA-3'?

what is the initiation step in DNA replication?

what nucleotide sequence does the initiation step occur?

what is the elongation step in DNA replication?

what is the termination step in DNA replication?

Topoisomerase

Topoisomerase I

Topoisomerase II

The site of replication is called the

DNA pol III synthesizes DNA only

Leading strand synthesizes in

Lagging strand synthesized discontinuously (Okazaki fragments)

DNA Polymerase requires a

What is the primary function of the enzyme Helicase in DNA replication

Which role does DNA Polymerase primarily perform during DNA replication?

What is the primary function of Primase in DNA replication?

Which task is most closely associated with Ligase in DNA replication?

What is the primary role of Single-Strand Binding Proteins in DNA replication?

What is the primary function of Topoisomerase in DNA replication?

What is the primary characteristic of leading strand synthesis in DNA replication?

What sets lagging strand synthesis apart from leading strand synthesis in DNA replication? A) It involves the creation of Okazaki fragments. B) It is synthesized continuously in the 3' to 5' direction. C) It requires only one RNA primer. D) It proceeds in the same direction as the replication fork.

What is the role of primase in leading strand synthesis?

How is the lagging strand primed for DNA synthesis in DNA replication? A) It doesn't require priming. B) Primase creates a single RNA primer for the entire lagging strand. C) Primase creates multiple RNA primers along the lagging strand. D) DNA polymerase III initiates replication without primers.

What is the key characteristic of DNA synthesis on the leading strand in terms of continuity?

How are the gaps between Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand sealed in DNA replication? A) DNA helicase seals the gaps. B) DNA polymerase III seals the gaps. C) DNA ligase seals the gaps. D) DNA primase seals the gaps.

What is the primary function of telomeres in human cells?

Why do telomeres naturally shorten with each cell division? A) To increase the risk of cancer. B) To promote cell division. C) To prevent DNA loss from the ends of chromosomes. D) To enhance DNA replication efficiency.

hat is the primary function of telomerase in cells? A) Repairing DNA damage. B) Promoting uncontrolled cell division. C) Adding repetitive DNA sequences to telomeres. D) Preventing cellular aging.

How does telomere shortening contribute to cellular aging? A) It enhances cell division. B) It prevents DNA damage. C) It limits the number of cell divisions a cell can undergo. D) It activates telomerase.

In what context is telomerase often overexpressed or reactivated in cells?

Which of the following DNA repair processes primarily deals with bulky lesions caused by external factors like UV radiation?

How do Base Excision Repair (BER) and Direct Reversal Repair differ?

How do Double-Strand Break Repair (DSBR) and Translesion Synthesis (TLS) differ in their mechanisms?

What is a common feature among all DNA repair processes?

Which DNA repair process has the highest potential for introducing mutations during DNA replication?

What characterizes spontaneous mutations in DNA? A) They result from exposure to mutagenic chemicals. B) They occur naturally without external influence. C) They are caused by radiation. D) They are always harmful to the organism.

Which of the following is an example of an external factor that can induce DNA mutations?

What is a point mutation?

What happens in a frameshift mutation? A) The mutation involves the substitution of one amino acid for another. B) The mutation introduces a premature stop codon. C) The reading frame of the genetic code is shifted due to insertion or deletion of base pairs. D) The DNA is reversed.

How do missense mutations differ from nonsense mutations?

Which type of mutation involves the expansion of repeated DNA sequences within a gene? A) Silent mutations. B) Expanding repeat mutations. C) Frameshift mutations. D) Nonsense mutations.

Which molecule is responsible for recognizing and binding to DNA mismatches in the Mismatch Repair (MMR) process?

What is the role of XPF and XPG in Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER)?

Which enzyme in Base Excision Repair (BER) cleaves the phosphodiester backbone at the site of the missing base?

What protein forms a filament on the damaged DNA strand and facilitates strand invasion during Homologous Recombination (HR)?

Which enzyme directly removes alkyl groups, such as O6-methylguanine, from DNA in the Direct Reversal Repair process?

What is the primary role of specialized DNA polymerases (e.g., Pol η, Pol κ, Pol ζ) in Translesion Synthesis (TLS)?

What is the primary role of specialized DNA polymerases (e.g., Pol η, Pol κ, Pol ζ) in Translesion Synthesis (TLS)? A) Recognizing bulky DNA lesions B) Repairing double-strand breaks C) Bypassing damaged DNA sites during replication D) Sealing gaps in the DNA strand

Which DNA repair process is specifically designed to correct point mutations like base-pair mismatches during DNA replication? A) Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER) B) Base Excision Repair (BER) C) Mismatch Repair (MMR) D) Homologous Recombination (HR)

Which DNA repair process is specialized in repairing bulky DNA lesions caused by factors like UV radiation and chemical compounds?

What is the primary DNA repair process responsible for removing and replacing individual damaged or modified DNA bases?

Which DNA repair mechanisms address breaks that affect both DNA strands, with options for fast but error-prone repair and accurate repair using homologous sequences? A) Mismatch Repair (MMR) B) Base Excision Repair (BER) C) Double-Strand Break Repair (DSBR) D) Direct Reversal Repair

What DNA repair process directly removes specific chemical modifications like alkyl groups from DNA? A) Mismatch Repair (MMR) B) Homologous Recombination (HR) C) Direct Reversal Repair D) Translesion Synthesis (TLS)

Which DNA repair process allows DNA replication to proceed past damaged sites, even if it may introduce mutations? A) Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER) B) Base Excision Repair (BER) C) Translesion Synthesis (TLS) D) Homologous Recombination (HR)

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is responsible for auditory perception, semantics, and memory?

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is the visual processing center?

Which division of the nervous system is responsible for responding to and moving about in our environment?

Which level of CNS function controls subconscious body activities such as arterial pressure, respiration, and feeding reflexes?

Which level of CNS function is essential for thought processes and functions in association with lower centers?

Which portion of the nervous system performs specific functions, but it is the cortex that opens the world up for one's mind?

Which level of CNS function contains the medulla, pons, mesencephalon, hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebellum, and basal ganglia?

Which division of the nervous system processes information and creates memory?

What is the primary function of the enzyme Helicase in DNA replication?

What is the primary function of telomerase in cells?

What is the main function of the dendrites in stimulating neurons?

Which neurotransmitter is considered the chief excitatory transmitter in the central nervous system (CNS)?

Which ions are involved in creating an inhibitory post synaptic potential (IPSP)?

What type of summation occurs when excitatory post synaptic potentials (EPSPs) created by distant synapses overlap?

What is the role of glutamate in creating an excitatory post synaptic potential (EPSP)?

Which ions permeability are involved in creating an excitatory post synaptic potential (EPSP)?

What is the main function of the axon terminal in a neuron?

What is the primary function of the soma in a neuron?

What is the main function of the dendrites in a neuron?

What is the main function of the axon terminal in a neuron?

Which ion is responsible for the build-up of calcium in presynaptic terminals during synaptic facilitation?

Which neurotransmitter is responsible for the majority of synaptic connections in the central nervous system (CNS)?

What is the primary function of neuropeptides in synaptic transmission?

What pH change can usually induce a diabetic coma?

What environmental change can increase neuronal excitability and potentially initiate a petit mal seizure?

What is the primary role of telomeres in human cells?

What is the primary function of specialized DNA polymerases (e.g., Pol η, Pol κ, Pol ζ) in translesion synthesis (TLS)?

What is the primary function of topoisomerase in DNA replication?

What is the complementary sequence of the DNA strand 5'-ATCGGTA-3'?

How are the gaps between Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand sealed in DNA replication?

Which of the following is the chief excitatory transmitter in the central nervous system (CNS)?

What is the main function of telomeres in human cells?

Which of the following environmental changes can lead to unconsciousness?

Which type of neurotransmitter causes long-term changes in the number and sizes of synapses?

What is the primary role of synaptic facilitation?

Which ions are involved in creating an inhibitory post synaptic potential (IPSP)?

What is the primary function of the axon terminal in a neuron?

Which DNA repair process is specifically designed to correct base-pair mismatches during DNA replication?

Which of the following is an example of an external factor that can induce DNA mutations?

What is the primary characteristic of leading strand synthesis in DNA replication?