intracellular cell signaling

Which molecule is responsible for bringing PDK1 and Akt together at the membrane?

What is the key mediator that relaxes smooth muscle in blood vessels and visceral organs?

What is the enzyme responsible for producing NO from L-arginine?

What molecule is produced from GTP by guanylyl cyclase (GC)?

What molecule activates a protein kinase (usually PKG) when elevated?

In smooth muscle, what does the disengagement of myosin from actin lead to?

Which G-protein mechanism is unique in that it uses Ca+2 and IP3 and DAG as second messenger systems?

What effect does IP3 have when it is released into the cytosol?

What is the impact of Ca+2 binding to calmodulin?

Which G-protein mechanism activates phospholipase C?

What is the impact of Gi-α on adenylyl cyclase activity?

What is the impact of Gi-βγ on the membrane potential?

Which of the following is NOT a function of cell membrane receptors in intracellular signaling?

Which of the following best describes transduction in intracellular signaling?

What happens when the concentration of the first messenger (ligand) increases?

What is the role of the activated cell membrane receptor?

What happens when the second messenger binds to and activates another protein?

What happens to the second messenger over time?

Which of the following is true about G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)?

What happens when a ligand binds to a receptor associated with a Gs GPCR?

What is the role of adenylyl cyclase in G-protein-coupled receptor signaling?

What is the role of protein kinase A (PKA) in G-protein-coupled receptor signaling?

What is the enzyme responsible for converting cAMP to 5'-AMP in G-protein-coupled receptor signaling?

What happens when GTP is hydrolyzed to GDP in G-protein-coupled receptor signaling?

According to the text, what happens to the cytosolic calcium concentration when a channel that allows calcium to cross the cell membrane is opened?

What is the membrane potential change called when a channel allows sodium to enter the cell?

Which ligand is an example of a receptor tyrosine kinase?

What is the key pathway associated with receptor tyrosine kinase activation?

What is the second messenger in the PI-3-Kinase-Akt pathway?

Activation of a G-protein-coupled receptor leads to the activation of a protein that binds to a __________ nucleotide

The G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family is the _______ family of cell membrane receptors

The activated G-protein modifies the activity of an ________

The G-protein consists of three subunits: _______, ______, and ______

In the Gs GPCR pathway, Gs binds to and activates ____________

The enzyme responsible for converting cAMP to 5'-AMP is _________

PIP3 is responsible for activating ______

PDK1 is responsible for activating ______

The production of cGMP is catalyzed by ______

Elevations in cytosolic cGMP activates a protein kinase called ______

Elevations in cytosolic calcium can activate ______

NO binds to and activates ______

Gi-α inactivates ______

Opening of K+ channels brings the cell closer to its ______ potential for K+

The cell membrane is inside-negative with a low cytosolic concentration of sodium and a high concentration of K+

IP3 is a 2nd messenger that causes release of ______ from where it’s stored in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Ca+2 can bind to and activate a number of ______

Opening a channel that allows calcium to cross the cell membrane would increase the cytosolic ______ concentration

Depolarization is the term used when the membrane becomes more ______

Hyperpolarization is the term used when the membrane becomes more ______

The activation of certain membrane-associated proteins is impacted by making the membrane more ______ or more ______

Opening a channel that allows calcium to cross the cell membrane would increase the cytosolic ______ concentration

Hyperpolarization is the term used when the membrane becomes more ______

What is the membrane potential change called when a channel allows sodium to enter the cell?

The activation of certain membrane-associated proteins is impacted by making the membrane more ______ or more ______

Elevations in cytosolic calcium can activate ______

Receptors in the cell membrane are key in detecting ______ signals and modifying cell function based on those signals

Transduction is the intracellular events that transform the ______ signal into an intracellular signal

Additional signaling events involving the membrane: source of some ______ messengers

Additional signaling events involving the membrane: site where some 2nd messengers ______

Additional signaling events involving the membrane: site where ionic 2nd messengers are ______

Additional signaling events involving the membrane: important site where regulatory proteins and enzymes ______ and integrate signaling

Receptors in the cell membrane are key in detecting ______ signals and modifying cell function based on those signals

That protein activated a mechanism (in this case an enzyme) that increased the intracellular concentration of the active form of a second ______

The second messenger binds to and activates another ______… and that protein will activate or inactivate other biochemical signaling cascades that have some sort of effect

Inactive system: extracellular signal ______

As time goes on: ligand releases from receptor receptor-associated effectors ______ 2nd messenger is either metabolized or removed 2nd messenger “inactivator”

Activation of a G-protein-coupled receptor leads to the activation of a protein that binds to a ______ nucleotide

The G-protein consists of three subunits: ______, ______, and ______

Opening a channel that allows calcium to cross the cell membrane would increase the cytosolic ______ concentration

Receptors in the cell membrane are key in detecting ______ signals and modifying cell function based on those signals

What is the impact of Gi-α on adenylyl cyclase activity?

What is the membrane potential change called when a channel allows sodium to enter the cell?

Gs releases GDP and binds GTP at the alpha subunit ▪ The βγ subunit detaches from the G-protein 3. Gs binds to and activates adenylyl cyclase ▪ Membrane-bound enzyme that converts ATP to ______

PK A phosphorylates a multitude of ______ proteins

Inactivation of cAMP results when it is converted to 5’-AMP ▪ Enzyme – cyclic AMP ______

A ligand binds to a receptor associated with a ______ Gprotein

Opening a channel that allows calcium to cross the cell membrane would increase the cytosolic ______ concentration

NO is a _______ messenger – one of the only ones that can diffuse across the cell membrane and impact other cells

______ is responsible for activating guanylyl cyclase (GC)

Elevations in cytosolic ______ activates a protein kinase (usually PKG)

In smooth muscle, the disengagement of myosin from actin leads to _______ muscle relaxation

______ brings PDK1 and Akt together at the membrane

NO is produced enzymatically by the action of nitric oxide synthase (NOs) on _______

Opening a channel that allows calcium to cross the cell membrane would increase the cytosolic ______ concentration

Depolarization is the term used when the membrane becomes more ______

Hyperpolarization is the term used when the membrane becomes more ______

The activation of certain membrane-associated proteins is impacted by making the membrane more ______ or more ______

The Ras-Raf-MAP kinase pathway is the pathway most commonly associated with ______ activation