Fungi Reproduction and Growth

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Questions and Answers

What is the final stage of sexual reproduction in fungi?

Meiosis

What is the optimal temperature for growth of most fungi?

25°C

What is the term for the fusion of nuclei in fungal sexual reproduction?

Karyogamy

What is the term for fungi that grow at low temperatures?

Psychrophilic Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the fusion of cytoplasm in fungal sexual reproduction?

Plasmogamy Signup and view all the answers

What is the stage of fungal growth influenced by?

Availability of nutrients, oxygen, temperature, and pH Signup and view all the answers

What type of fungi grow at 37°C?

Pathogenic fungi Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for fungi that exist in two forms, such as yeast-like and mycelial?

Dimorphic Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of animal-like protists?

They are unicellular organisms with animal-like behavior. Signup and view all the answers

Where can animal-like protists usually be found?

In freshwater environments, such as ponds, rivers, and puddles. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of contractile vacuoles in freshwater protozoa?

To eliminate excess water from the cell. Signup and view all the answers

What is the outer covering of some protozoa cells called?

Pellicle. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of flagella and cilia in protozoa?

To provide motility to the cell. Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a disease caused by protozoan parasites?

Malaria. Signup and view all the answers

How are protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium transmitted?

Through the bite of female mosquitos of the genus Anopheles. Signup and view all the answers

What is a unique ability of some protozoa?

The ability to digest cellulose in wood. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of pseudopodia in amoebae?

Feeding and locomotion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following species of Plasmodium is the most deadly?

P.falciparum Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the cell wall of diatoms?

Composed of silica Signup and view all the answers

What is the pigment responsible for the gold brown color of diatoms?

Fucoxanthin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of phylum Euglenophyta?

They are autotrophs Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of asexual division in amoebae?

Binary fission Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the frustule in diatoms?

Support and protection Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of phylum Pyrrophyta?

They are dinoflagellates Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of certain bacteriophages in terms of their symmetry?

A combination of helical and icosahedral symmetry Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of nutrition for the majority of protozoa?

Phagocytosis and ingestion through special organs Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the capsid in a virus?

To protect the viral genome and aid in its transfer Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the feeding form of a protozoan?

Trophozoite Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a complete virus particle?

Virion Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the dormant form of some protozoa?

It develops a thick case around itself during times of environmental stress Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic shape of poxviruses?

Brick-shaped Signup and view all the answers

What is the main component of the viral genome?

Nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA) Signup and view all the answers

Which phylum of protozoa includes the species Paramecium and Blepharisma?

Phylum Ciliophora Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the nuclei found in most ciliates?

They have two types of nuclei: a large macronucleus and a smaller micronucleus Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the protein coat that surrounds the viral genome?

Capsid Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of icosahedral viruses in terms of their genome structure?

Folded and condensed Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cilia in Phylum Ciliophora?

Locomotion and feeding Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the symbiotic forms of some ciliates?

They are all harmless commensals Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of helical viruses in terms of their genome structure?

Coiled in a helical fashion Signup and view all the answers

What is the range of length of the ciliates in Phylum Ciliophora?

10 μm - 4.5 mm Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Fungi

Fungi reproduce sexually through a complex process involving three phases: plasmogamy (protoplasmic fusion), karyogamy (fusion of nuclei), and meiosis (reduction division of zygote)
Sexual reproduction in fungi involves the formation of fertile diploid cells, which then release spores into the environment
Fungal growth is influenced by factors such as availability of nutrients, oxygen, temperature, and pH
Most fungi grow at 25°C, while pathogenic fungi grow at 37°C, and some exist in two forms (dimorphic) depending on temperature
Psychrophilic fungi grow at lower temperatures, such as 5°C (refrigerator temperature)

Protists

Animal-like protists (protozoa) are a diverse group of unicellular organisms that are mostly motile and exhibit animal-like behavior
They are usually focused on in microbiology due to their impact on human health
Protozoa cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane, and some species have a complex outer covering called a pellicle
They obtain nutrients through engulfing food particles by phagocytosis or through special organs of ingestion
Some protozoa can digest cellulose in wood, while others cause diseases such as malaria
Phylum Ciliophora (e.g., Paramecium, Blepharisma) includes about 12,000 known species that are chemoorganotrophic and range from 10 μm to 4.5 mm long
Phylum Sarcodina (e.g., Amoeba, radiolarians) includes amoebae that divide by binary fission and can form cysts
Phylum Sporozoa (e.g., Plasmodium) includes species that cause malaria, such as P. falciparum, which is the most deadly of the five species
Plant-like protists (algae) are autotrophs that include diatoms (Chrysophyta), Euglena (Euglenophyta), and dinoflagellates (Pyrrophyta)

Viruses

Viruses have a variety of shapes and sizes, including helical and icosahedral symmetry, and can be brick-shaped with submicroscopic filaments
Viruses lack cellular structure, organelles, cytoplasm, and a cell nucleus
A complete virus particle (virion) consists of a nucleic acid (genome) surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid
The capsid protects the viral genome and aids in its transfer between host cells