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What is a common method of asexual reproduction in yeasts?
What is a common method of asexual reproduction in yeasts?
Black bread mold (Rhizopus stolonifer) is a typical example of a Deuteromycete.
Black bread mold (Rhizopus stolonifer) is a typical example of a Deuteromycete.
False
What does the term 'imperfect fungi' refer to?
What does the term 'imperfect fungi' refer to?
Fungi with no known sexual stage
Moulds produce haploid spores through the process of ______.
Moulds produce haploid spores through the process of ______.
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Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
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Which of the following are the closest relatives of fungi, based on DNA evidence?
Which of the following are the closest relatives of fungi, based on DNA evidence?
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Fungi and animals evolved multicellularity from the same common ancestor.
Fungi and animals evolved multicellularity from the same common ancestor.
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What is the name of the flagellated spores produced by chytrids?
What is the name of the flagellated spores produced by chytrids?
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The oldest undisputed fossils of fungi are approximately ______ million years old.
The oldest undisputed fossils of fungi are approximately ______ million years old.
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Match the description with the group of fungi.
Match the description with the group of fungi.
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Fungi are characterized as:
Fungi are characterized as:
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Fungi primarily use digestive enzymes on the inside of their bodies to break down molecules.
Fungi primarily use digestive enzymes on the inside of their bodies to break down molecules.
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What are the thread-like filaments that makeup the mycelium of fungi called?
What are the thread-like filaments that makeup the mycelium of fungi called?
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Many fungi are ________, meaning they decompose non-living organic matter.
Many fungi are ________, meaning they decompose non-living organic matter.
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Which of the following is NOT a lifestyle exhibited by fungi?
Which of the following is NOT a lifestyle exhibited by fungi?
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What specialized hyphae allow some fungi to penetrate host tissues?
What specialized hyphae allow some fungi to penetrate host tissues?
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Match the following fungal lifestyles with their examples:
Match the following fungal lifestyles with their examples:
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All fungi exclusively grow as multicellular filaments.
All fungi exclusively grow as multicellular filaments.
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Ectomycorrhizal fungi extend hyphae through the cell walls of root cells.
Ectomycorrhizal fungi extend hyphae through the cell walls of root cells.
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What is the term for the union of two parent mycelia in sexual reproduction?
What is the term for the union of two parent mycelia in sexual reproduction?
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What term describes the network of branched hyphae?
What term describes the network of branched hyphae?
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Fungi use sexual signaling molecules called ________ to communicate their mating type.
Fungi use sexual signaling molecules called ________ to communicate their mating type.
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During the sexual life cycle of fungi, what is the term for the stage when haploid nuclei from two parents coexist in the mycelium?
During the sexual life cycle of fungi, what is the term for the stage when haploid nuclei from two parents coexist in the mycelium?
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The diploid phase in fungi is typically long-lived, often lasting centuries.
The diploid phase in fungi is typically long-lived, often lasting centuries.
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What process results in the production of haploid spores after karyogamy?
What process results in the production of haploid spores after karyogamy?
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Match the following fungal terms with their descriptions
Match the following fungal terms with their descriptions
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Which of the following best describes the function of conidia?
Which of the following best describes the function of conidia?
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Basidiomycetes are characterized by a club-like structure called a conidiophore.
Basidiomycetes are characterized by a club-like structure called a conidiophore.
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The fruiting bodies of Basidiomycetes, such as mushrooms, are called __________.
The fruiting bodies of Basidiomycetes, such as mushrooms, are called __________.
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What is the primary symbiotic relationship within a lichen?
What is the primary symbiotic relationship within a lichen?
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What term is used to describe the long-lived mycelium in the life cycle of Basidiomycetes?
What term is used to describe the long-lived mycelium in the life cycle of Basidiomycetes?
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All fungi found in lichens are Ascomycetes.
All fungi found in lichens are Ascomycetes.
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Match the following fungal structures with their descriptions:
Match the following fungal structures with their descriptions:
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What can form fairy rings?
What can form fairy rings?
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What is the name of the phylum that includes bread molds?
What is the name of the phylum that includes bread molds?
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Glomeromycetes are known for producing sexual spores in saclike asci.
Glomeromycetes are known for producing sexual spores in saclike asci.
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What is the name of the structure produced sexually by zygomycetes that is resistant to freezing and drying?
What is the name of the structure produced sexually by zygomycetes that is resistant to freezing and drying?
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The sac fungi are also known as ______.
The sac fungi are also known as ______.
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Which of the following is a characteristic of Pilobolus?
Which of the following is a characteristic of Pilobolus?
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Ringworm is caused by a Basidiomycete.
Ringworm is caused by a Basidiomycete.
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What is the name of the structure in which ascomycetes produce their sexual spores?
What is the name of the structure in which ascomycetes produce their sexual spores?
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Study Notes
Fungi
- Fungi are diverse and widespread organisms.
- Fungi are heterotrophs that feed by absorption and break down organic material, recycling nutrients.
- Fungi can act as food, root associations, symbionts, pathogens, and saprotrophs (decomposers).
- Many fungi are edible.
- Fungi exhibit diverse lifestyles; including decomposers (e.g., chaga), parasites (e.g., ringworm), and mutualists (e.g., mycorrhizae).
- Fungi have multicellular filaments (hyphae) and single cells (yeasts). Some fungi grow as either filaments or yeasts; others grow as both.
- Fungal cell walls are typically composed of chitin, glucose polymers, mannoproteins, and waxes.
- Some fungi have specialized hyphae called haustoria that penetrate host tissues.
- Mycorrhizae benefit both fungi and plants (fungi and plants have beneficial relationships). Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi extend hyphae through plant root cell walls and penetrate the root cell membrane, while ectomycorrhizal fungi form sheaths over roots and grow into the extracellular spaces of the plant root cortex.
Fungal Reproduction
- Fungi reproduce by producing vast numbers of spores, either sexually or asexually.
- Spores are produced from both sexual and asexual life cycles.
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Sexual Reproduction: Fungal nuclei are typically haploid, with transient diploid stages occurring in sexual life cycles. Sexual reproduction requires the fusion of hyphae from different mating types (+ or -). Fungi use pheromones to communicate their mating types.
- Plasmogamy is the union of two parent mycelia.
- In most fungi, haploid nuclei from each parent coexist in the mycelium, forming a heterokaryon.
- In some fungi, haploid nuclei pair off in a cell, forming a dikaryotic mycelium.
- Karyogamy (nuclear fusion) of haploid nuclei occurs after plasmogamy. It produces diploid cells.
- The diploid stage is short-lived and undergoes meiosis, producing haploid spores.
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Asexual Reproduction: Many fungi can also reproduce asexually.
- Moulds produce haploid spores by mitosis and form visible mycelia.
- Yeasts reproduce asexually by simple cell division and the formation of "bud cells" from a parent cell.
- Many moulds and yeasts have no known sexual stage, and these are referred to as deuteromycetes or imperfect fungi.
Fungal Phylogeny and Morphology
- DNA evidence suggests that fungi are most closely related to unicellular nucleariids, while animals are most closely related to unicellular choanoflagellates. This shows that fungi and animals evolved from a common flagellated unicellular ancestor, and multicellularity arose separately in the two groups.
- The oldest undisputed fossils of fungi are approximately 460 million years old.
- Fungi diversified and colonized land around 760 million years ago, forming mutualistic relationships with early plants.
- Different phyla of fungi exist including: Chytrids (decomposers, parasites, and mutualists in freshwater and terrestrial habitats), Zygomycetes (fast-growing molds, parasites, and symbionts), Glomeromycetes (form arbuscular mycorrhizae), Ascomycetes (sac fungi that are plant pathogens, decomposers, symbionts and lichens), and Basidiomycetes (club fungi that are mushrooms, puffballs, shelf fungi, mutualists).
- Chytrids are unique for having flagellated spores (zoospores).
- Some Zygomycetes, such as Pilobolus, can aim their sporangia toward conditions associated with good food sources; for example, fungi can "aim" their sporangia towards conditions associated with good food sources.
- Ascomycetes reproduce asexually by enormous numbers of spores called conidia. Conidia are not formed inside sporangia; they are produced asexually at the tips of specialized hyphae called conidiophores.
Lichens
- A lichen is a symbiotic association between a photosynthetic microorganism (e.g., algae or cyanobacteria) and a fungus (usually an ascomycete).
- Millions of photosynthetic cells are embedded in a mass of fungal hyphae.
- Different types of lichens exist: crustose lichens, foliose lichens, and fruticose lichens.
- Some fruticose lichens include Usnea sp., Alectoria sp., and Bryoria sp.
Symbioses/Parasitism
- Some fungi live within the guts of herbivores, helping them digest cellulose.
- Other fungi live symbiotically with other organisms, like ants and plants, or are parasitic.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the fascinating world of fungi, including their methods of asexual reproduction and unique characteristics. Explore topics such as yeast reproduction, the classification of imperfect fungi, and the evolutionary relationships between fungi and animals. Perfect for students studying mycology or general biology!
