Fungi and Asexual Reproduction Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is a common method of asexual reproduction in yeasts?

  • Simple cell division and budding (correct)
  • Spore production
  • Formation of mycelia
  • Sexual reproduction

Black bread mold (Rhizopus stolonifer) is a typical example of a Deuteromycete.

False (B)

What does the term 'imperfect fungi' refer to?

Fungi with no known sexual stage

Moulds produce haploid spores through the process of ______.

<p>mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

<p>Mycelia = Visible mass of fungal threads Budding = Asexual reproduction in yeasts Zygomycota = Phylum of fungi including Rhizopus Deuteromycetes = Fungi with no known sexual stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are the closest relatives of fungi, based on DNA evidence?

<p>Nucleariids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fungi and animals evolved multicellularity from the same common ancestor.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the flagellated spores produced by chytrids?

<p>zoospores</p> Signup and view all the answers

The oldest undisputed fossils of fungi are approximately ______ million years old.

<p>460</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the description with the group of fungi.

<p>Chytrids = Contain flagellated spores Nucleariids = Closest relative of fungi Animals = Evolved multicellularity separately from fungi Early plants = Formed mutualistic relationships with early land fungi</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fungi are characterized as:

<p>Heterotrophs that feed by absorption (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fungi primarily use digestive enzymes on the inside of their bodies to break down molecules.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the thread-like filaments that makeup the mycelium of fungi called?

<p>hyphae</p> Signup and view all the answers

Many fungi are ________, meaning they decompose non-living organic matter.

<p>saprotrophs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a lifestyle exhibited by fungi?

<p>Producers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specialized hyphae allow some fungi to penetrate host tissues?

<p>Haustoria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following fungal lifestyles with their examples:

<p>Decomposer = Chaga Parasite = Ringworm Mutualist = Mycorrhizae</p> Signup and view all the answers

All fungi exclusively grow as multicellular filaments.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ectomycorrhizal fungi extend hyphae through the cell walls of root cells.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the union of two parent mycelia in sexual reproduction?

<p>plasmogamy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the network of branched hyphae?

<p>mycelia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fungi use sexual signaling molecules called ________ to communicate their mating type.

<p>pheromones</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the sexual life cycle of fungi, what is the term for the stage when haploid nuclei from two parents coexist in the mycelium?

<p>Heterokaryon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The diploid phase in fungi is typically long-lived, often lasting centuries.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process results in the production of haploid spores after karyogamy?

<p>meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following fungal terms with their descriptions

<p>Haustoria = Specialized hyphae for penetrating host tissues Plasmogamy = Union of two parent mycelia Karyogamy = Nuclear fusion Heterokaryon = Mycelium with coexisting haploid nuclei from different parents</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of conidia?

<p>Asexual reproduction in Ascomycetes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Basidiomycetes are characterized by a club-like structure called a conidiophore.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The fruiting bodies of Basidiomycetes, such as mushrooms, are called __________.

<p>basidiocarps</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary symbiotic relationship within a lichen?

<p>a photosynthetic microorganism and a fungus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe the long-lived mycelium in the life cycle of Basidiomycetes?

<p>Dikaryotic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All fungi found in lichens are Ascomycetes.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following fungal structures with their descriptions:

<p>Conidia = Asexual spores of Ascomycetes Basidium = Club-like structure of Basidiomycetes Basidiocarp = Fruiting body of Basidiomycetes Hyphae = Filamentous structures that form the fungal body</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can form fairy rings?

<p>basidiomycetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the phylum that includes bread molds?

<p>Zygomycota (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Glomeromycetes are known for producing sexual spores in saclike asci.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the structure produced sexually by zygomycetes that is resistant to freezing and drying?

<p>zygospores</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sac fungi are also known as ______.

<p>Ascomycetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of Pilobolus?

<p>It can aim sporangia toward food sources. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ringworm is caused by a Basidiomycete.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the structure in which ascomycetes produce their sexual spores?

<p>asci</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Fungi: Heterotrophs

Organisms that obtain nutrients from outside their bodies by breaking down organic matter through digestive enzymes.

Digestive Exoenzymes

Specialized enzymes released by fungi to break down complex organic molecules into simpler compounds they can absorb.

Mycelia

A network of branched, thread-like filaments that make up the body of a multicellular fungus, maximizing surface area for nutrient absorption.

Yeast

A single-celled fungal organism, often involved in fermentation.

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Saprotrophs

Fungi that decompose dead organic matter, playing a vital role in nutrient recycling.

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Mycorrhizae

A close, mutually beneficial relationship between a fungus and the roots of a plant.

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Fungal Parasites

A fungal infection that can cause skin diseases like ringworm in humans.

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Karyogamy

The fusion of two haploid nuclei to form a diploid nucleus during fungal reproduction.

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Molds

A type of fungi that reproduces asexually by producing haploid spores via mitosis.

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Deuteromycetes

A group of fungi that are assumed to only reproduce asexually, as they don't have a known sexual stage.

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Sexual Reproduction in Fungi

The process in which fungi reproduce through the fusion of haploid gametes, resulting in a diploid zygote.

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Asexual Reproduction in Fungi

A type of asexual reproduction in fungi where new cells are produced from a parent cell without involving the fusion of gametes.

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What are haustoria?

Specialized hyphae in certain fungi that penetrate the tissues of their host, allowing for nutrient uptake.

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What is mycorrhizae?

A symbiotic relationship between fungi and plant roots where both organisms mutually benefit.

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What is an ectomycorrhizal fungi?

A type of mycorrhizal relationship where fungal hyphae form a sheath around the root and grow into the root cortex, but not through cell walls.

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What are arbuscules?

Specialized hyphae in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi that penetrate the cell walls of root cells, but not the cell membranes, to exchange nutrients.

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What is plasmogamy?

The fusion of cytoplasm from two parental mycelia during sexual reproduction in fungi.

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What is a heterokaryon?

The condition of a fungal mycelium containing haploid nuclei from two different mating types (+ and -) that have not yet fused.

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What is karyogamy?

The fusion of haploid nuclei from two different mating types to form a diploid nucleus during sexual reproduction in fungi.

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What is meiosis in fungi?

The production of haploid spores from a diploid cell during sexual reproduction in fungi.

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What are fungi?

A group of eukaryotic organisms that includes molds, yeasts, and mushrooms. They are heterotrophic and obtain nutrients through absorption. Fungi are closely related to animals and share a common ancestor.

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What are Chytrids?

Chytrids are a group of fungi that are characterized by having flagellated spores called zoospores. They can be found in freshwater and terrestrial habitats and play roles as decomposers, parasites, and mutualists.

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What is the common ancestor of Animals and Fungi?

A common ancestor of animals and fungi existed about 850 million to 1.5 billion years ago. This shared ancestor was likely a single-celled, flagellated organism. This suggests that animals and fungi are more closely related to each other than to plants.

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How did fungi and animals evolve differently?

Evolutionary evidence suggests that fungi and animals diverged from a common, flagellated ancestor. Multicellularity evolved separately in the two groups.

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When did fungi first appear on land?

The oldest known fossils of fungi date back about 460 million years, but evidence suggests that fungi were among the first organisms to colonize land, possibly about 760 million years ago. These early fungi may have formed symbiotic relationships with early plants.

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Zygomycetes

A phylum of fungi known for their diversity, including fast-growing molds, parasites, and symbiotic relationships with other organisms.

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Zygospores

Resistant spores produced sexually by Zygomycetes, capable of surviving harsh conditions like freezing or drying.

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Pilobolus

A type of Zygomycete that can actually aim its sporangia (spore-containing structures) towards favorable food sources.

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Glomeromycetes

A phylum of fungi that were once considered Zygomycetes but are now classified as a separate clade. They are known for forming a specialized type of mycorrhiza.

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Arbuscular mycorrhizae

A mutually beneficial relationship between a fungus and the roots of a plant, where the fungus provides nutrients and the plant provides carbohydrates.

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Ascomycetes

A phylum of fungi commonly called sac fungi, known for producing sexual spores within saclike structures called asci.

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Ascocarps

Fruiting bodies produced by Ascomycetes, containing asci where sexual spores are produced.

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Penicillium

A genus of Ascomycetes that produces penicillin, a potent antibiotic used to fight bacterial infections.

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What are conidia?

Asexual spores produced on specialized hyphae called conidiophores.

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What are Basidiomycetes?

A phylum of fungi defined by a club-like structure called a basidium, a transient diploid stage in the life cycle.

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What are basidiocarps?

Fruiting bodies produced during sexual reproduction in basidiomycetes, often referred to as 'mushrooms'.

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What are fairy rings?

Long-lived dikaryotic mycelia (networks of fungal filaments) that often form fairy rings, radiating outward from a central point.

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What is a lichen?

A symbiotic relationship between photosynthetic microorganisms (like algae) and fungi.

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What are photobiont cells?

Specialized cells in lichens where photosynthesis takes place.

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What is athlete's foot?

A type of fungal infection that can cause skin diseases, particularly on the feet.

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What are mycorrhizae?

A mutually beneficial (symbiotic) relationship between a fungus and the roots of a plant.

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Study Notes

Fungi

  • Fungi are diverse and widespread organisms.
  • Fungi are heterotrophs that feed by absorption and break down organic material, recycling nutrients.
  • Fungi can act as food, root associations, symbionts, pathogens, and saprotrophs (decomposers).
  • Many fungi are edible.
  • Fungi exhibit diverse lifestyles; including decomposers (e.g., chaga), parasites (e.g., ringworm), and mutualists (e.g., mycorrhizae).
  • Fungi have multicellular filaments (hyphae) and single cells (yeasts). Some fungi grow as either filaments or yeasts; others grow as both.
  • Fungal cell walls are typically composed of chitin, glucose polymers, mannoproteins, and waxes.
  • Some fungi have specialized hyphae called haustoria that penetrate host tissues.
  • Mycorrhizae benefit both fungi and plants (fungi and plants have beneficial relationships). Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi extend hyphae through plant root cell walls and penetrate the root cell membrane, while ectomycorrhizal fungi form sheaths over roots and grow into the extracellular spaces of the plant root cortex.

Fungal Reproduction

  • Fungi reproduce by producing vast numbers of spores, either sexually or asexually.
  • Spores are produced from both sexual and asexual life cycles.
  • Sexual Reproduction: Fungal nuclei are typically haploid, with transient diploid stages occurring in sexual life cycles. Sexual reproduction requires the fusion of hyphae from different mating types (+ or -). Fungi use pheromones to communicate their mating types.
    • Plasmogamy is the union of two parent mycelia.
    • In most fungi, haploid nuclei from each parent coexist in the mycelium, forming a heterokaryon.
    • In some fungi, haploid nuclei pair off in a cell, forming a dikaryotic mycelium.
    • Karyogamy (nuclear fusion) of haploid nuclei occurs after plasmogamy. It produces diploid cells.
    • The diploid stage is short-lived and undergoes meiosis, producing haploid spores.
  • Asexual Reproduction: Many fungi can also reproduce asexually.
    • Moulds produce haploid spores by mitosis and form visible mycelia.
    • Yeasts reproduce asexually by simple cell division and the formation of "bud cells" from a parent cell.
  • Many moulds and yeasts have no known sexual stage, and these are referred to as deuteromycetes or imperfect fungi.

Fungal Phylogeny and Morphology

  • DNA evidence suggests that fungi are most closely related to unicellular nucleariids, while animals are most closely related to unicellular choanoflagellates. This shows that fungi and animals evolved from a common flagellated unicellular ancestor, and multicellularity arose separately in the two groups.
  • The oldest undisputed fossils of fungi are approximately 460 million years old.
  • Fungi diversified and colonized land around 760 million years ago, forming mutualistic relationships with early plants.
  • Different phyla of fungi exist including: Chytrids (decomposers, parasites, and mutualists in freshwater and terrestrial habitats), Zygomycetes (fast-growing molds, parasites, and symbionts), Glomeromycetes (form arbuscular mycorrhizae), Ascomycetes (sac fungi that are plant pathogens, decomposers, symbionts and lichens), and Basidiomycetes (club fungi that are mushrooms, puffballs, shelf fungi, mutualists).
  • Chytrids are unique for having flagellated spores (zoospores).
  • Some Zygomycetes, such as Pilobolus, can aim their sporangia toward conditions associated with good food sources; for example, fungi can "aim" their sporangia towards conditions associated with good food sources.
  • Ascomycetes reproduce asexually by enormous numbers of spores called conidia. Conidia are not formed inside sporangia; they are produced asexually at the tips of specialized hyphae called conidiophores.

Lichens

  • A lichen is a symbiotic association between a photosynthetic microorganism (e.g., algae or cyanobacteria) and a fungus (usually an ascomycete).
  • Millions of photosynthetic cells are embedded in a mass of fungal hyphae.
  • Different types of lichens exist: crustose lichens, foliose lichens, and fruticose lichens.
  • Some fruticose lichens include Usnea sp., Alectoria sp., and Bryoria sp.

Symbioses/Parasitism

  • Some fungi live within the guts of herbivores, helping them digest cellulose.
  • Other fungi live symbiotically with other organisms, like ants and plants, or are parasitic.

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Test your knowledge on the fascinating world of fungi, including their methods of asexual reproduction and unique characteristics. Explore topics such as yeast reproduction, the classification of imperfect fungi, and the evolutionary relationships between fungi and animals. Perfect for students studying mycology or general biology!

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