29 Questions
What process allows prokaryotes to take up DNA found in the environment?
Transformation
Which method involves bacteriophages transferring DNA from one bacteria to another?
Transduction
What is typically transferred from one prokaryote to another during conjugation?
Plasmid DNA
Which group of organisms does the term 'protist' refer to?
Eukaryotic organisms excluding animals, fungi, and plants
What is the characteristic of most protists in terms of reproduction?
Facultatively switch between sexual and asexual reproduction
What is the genetic exchange mechanism where DNA is moved from one bacterium to another through a pilus?
Conjugation
Which prokaryotic reproductive method results in exact copies of the parent cell?
Binary division
What is a defining characteristic of prokaryotic organisms?
Lack of true membrane-bound organelles
Based on their shape, prokaryotic organisms can generally be classified into which categories?
Cocci, bacilli, and spirilla
In prokaryotic reproduction, which process is responsible for introducing genetic diversity?
Transformation
What different methods do prokaryotes use to obtain energy?
Phototrophy and chemotrophy
Which statement accurately describes the characteristics of a generalized prokaryotic cell?
Lacks a nucleus
Gram positive and Gram negative are classifications based on the reaction of prokaryotic cell walls to what staining method?
Gram staining
What unites all prokaryotes in terms of genetic material?
Circular DNA in a nucleoid region
What is the structure that consists of a sac fungus and either cyanobacteria or green algae?
Lichen
What is the outcome of the fusion of two haploid hyphae in fungal sexual reproduction?
Formation of a dikaryotic cell
In which stage of the sexual cycle does the zygote undergo meiosis in fungi?
Dikaryotic stage
How do most fungi produce spores for dissemination?
By mitosis at the tips of specialized hyphae
What is the main role of lichens in an ecological context?
Colonizing places hostile to other organisms
What is the structure that delivers nutrients and water to a vascular plant root in a mycorrhizal partnership?
Hypha
What is the characteristic feature of a fungal spore?
Enclosed within a thick coat
What is the primary purpose of flowers?
To attract pollinators and aid in pollen transfer
Which part of a flower acts as an energy reserve for the seed and developing plant?
Endosperm
Which one of the following is NOT a component of a flower?
Root
What is the main goal of fruit in the plant life cycle?
To aid in seed dispersal
What unique process do angiosperms undergo during fertilization?
Double fertilization
Which plant part fuses with the nucleus in the embryo sac to form endosperm?
Second sperm cell
How are some fruits formed differently from the typical ovary development?
From separate ovaries in the same flower
What do fruits typically rely on for dispersal?
"Fruit-eating animals"
Study Notes
- Prokaryotes are ancient organisms lacking a nucleus and true membrane-bound organelles, including bacteria and Archaea.
- Prokaryotes can be spherical (cocci), rod-shaped (bacilli), or spiral-shaped (spirilla).
- Prokaryotes reproduce asexually mainly through binary fission.
- Prokaryotes gain genetic diversity through transformations, transductions, and conjugations.
- Prokaryotes can obtain energy through various methods like phototrophy and chemotrophy.
- The term "protist" is used to describe diverse eukaryotic organisms that are not animals, fungi, or plants.
- Protists come in various morphologies, physiologies, and ecologies.
- Most protists are microscopic and unicellular but some are multicellular like Caulerpa.
- Fungi are multicellular organisms with a mycelium, which is a mesh of threadlike filaments.
- Asexual reproduction in fungi occurs through budding or spore production by mitosis.
- Sexual reproduction in fungi involves fusion of hyphal tips, creating a dikaryotic cell, and subsequent meiosis.
- Fungi have beneficial partnerships with other organisms through mycorrhiza and lichens.
- Angiosperms are plants with seeds enclosed in an ovary.
- Flowers in plants have sepals, petals, pistils, and stamen, and their primary function is to attract pollinators.
- Fruits in plants aid in dispersal, usually through animals or by wind.
- Angiosperms undergo double fertilization, where one sperm fertilizes the egg and the other forms the endosperm.
Test your knowledge on the vegetative body of fungi, including thallus and mycelium, as well as the asexual reproduction methods like budding and spore formation. Learn about the structure and function of hyphae in multicellular fungi.
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