Fungal Characteristics and Structure
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Questions and Answers

Fungi cannot make their own food like plants, which means they are classified as?

  • Autotrophs
  • Heterotrophs (correct)

Which of the following categories of heterotrophic fungi obtains their carbon source from the by-products of organisms or dead organisms?

  • Parasites
  • Saprobes (correct)
  • Facultative parasites
  • All of the above

Parasites are organisms that obtain their nutrition from the protoplasm of a host.

True (A)

Facultative parasites are organisms that:

<p>Can switch between parasitic and saprobic lifestyles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is symbiosis, in the strict sense?

<p>Symbiosis is a relationship where two dissimilar organisms live together in a mutually beneficial way.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lichens and Mycorrhizae are examples of a mutualistic symbiosis.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organelles are present in fungal cells?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The vegetative body of a fungus is called a:

<p>Thallus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a unicellular form of fungus that reproduce asexually by budding or fission?

<p>Yeast (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the collective, filamentous strands that make up the fungal thallus called?

<p>Mycelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between septate and coenocytic mycelium?

<p>Septate mycelium is divided into individual cells by cross-walls, while coenocytic mycelium lacks such partitions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of dimorphic fungi?

<p>They can exist in both yeast and mycelial forms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the reproductive units of fungi called?

<p>Spores (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are fungal spores produced?

<p>Both sexually and asexually. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fungal spores can allow the fungus to move to new food sources.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fungal spores are only produced in fruiting bodies.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ecological role of mycorrhizae ?

<p>Mycorrhizae help plants absorb water and nutrients from the soil. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lichens are a mutualistic relationship between a fungus and a bacteria.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of fungal hyphae?

<p>They are typically branched and thread-like structures. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fungal hyphae grow from their tips.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about fungal cell walls?

<p>They are composed of chitin, or a mix of cellulose and chitin. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fungi store food primarily in the form of starch.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All fungi require water and oxygen for growth.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of fungi?

<p>They are generally sedentary in their vegetative phase. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fungi can grow almost everywhere as long as the necessary organic matter is available and the environment is not too extreme.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated number of described fungal species?

<p>Between 69,000 and 100,000 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Achlorophyllous

Fungi are unable to produce their own food, like plants, and rely on consuming other organisms for their carbon source.

Parasites

Organisms that derive their nutrition from the protoplasm of another organism, known as the host.

Saprobes

Organisms that obtain their carbon source (food) from the by-products of organisms or dead organisms.

Pathogens

Parasites that cause disease are called pathogens.

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Facultative parasites

Organisms that can switch between parasitic and saprobic lifestyles.

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Symbiosis

A close and often long-term interaction between two different biological organisms.

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Mutualistic symbiosis

A type of symbiosis where both organisms benefit from the relationship.

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Eukaryotic

Organisms that have membrane-bound organelles within their cells, like a nucleus, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum.

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Thallus

The vegetative body of a fungus.

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Yeast

Unicellular fungi that reproduce asexually by budding or fission.

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Mycelium

The collective, filamentous strands that make up the fungal thallus (molds).

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Hyphae

Strands of mycelium.

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Septate mycelium

Mycelium that is divided into discreet cells by cell walls known as septa.

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Septa

Cell walls that divide the mycelium into separate cells.

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Coenocytic mycelium

Mycelium that is not divided by septa and forms a continuous tubular network.

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Dimorphic fungi

Fungi that can exist in both a yeast and mycelium form.

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Fruiting bodies

Reproductive structures produced by fungi.

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Heterotrophic by Absorption

Fungi obtain carbon from organic sources.

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Enzymatic breakdown of substrate

The tips of hyphae release enzymes that break down the substrate.

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Diffusion back into hyphae

The products of enzymatic breakdown are diffused back into the hyphae for the fungus to absorb.

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Hyphae

Tubular structures with a hard wall of chitin.

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Cross-walls

Cross-walls that may form compartments or cells within the hyphae.

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Multinucleate

Hyphae can have multiple nuclei.

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Hyphal growth

Hyphae grow from their tips.

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Mycelium

An extensive, feeding network of hyphae.

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Mycorrhizae

Mutualistic relationships between a fungus and a plant root.

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Lichens

Mutualistic relationships between a fungus and an alga or cyanobacterium.

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Spores

Reproductive cells, produced either sexually (meiosis) or asexually (mitosis), that allow fungi to spread and survive.

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Fungal Spores

Asexual or sexual reproductive cells that allow fungi to disperse.

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Study Notes

Fungal Characteristics

  • Fungi are heterotrophic, meaning they cannot produce their own food. They obtain carbon from other organisms.
  • Heterotrophs are categorized as either parasites or saprobes.
    • Parasites derive nutrition from the living tissues of a host organism, some of which can cause disease (pathogens).
    • Saprobes obtain their food from dead organisms or organic waste. Some saprobes can become parasitic if the opportunity arises.
  • Fungi are achlorophyllous. This means they lack chlorophyll, the pigment that plants use to make their food.
  • Fungi are eukaryotic, with membrane-bound organelles.
  • Fungi exhibit a mutually beneficial relationship between each other, and with other dissimilar organisms, this is termed symbiosis. An example of this is lichens, and mycorrhizae.

Fungal Structure

  • Mycelium is the collective, filamentous strands that make up the fungal thallus.
  • Hyphae are the strands of mycelium and come in two types.
    • Septate hyphae are divided into cells by cross-walls called septa
    • Coenocytic hyphae are not divided, forming a continuous network.
  • Yeasts are unicellular fungi that reproduce asexually by budding or fission.
  • The vegetative body of the fungus (thallus) can be of these forms.

Fungal Nutrition

  • Fungi absorb nutrients by secreting enzymes that break down complex organic materials.
  • These enzymes are secreted from hyphal tips into substrates.
  • The resulting broken down products are then absorbed into the hyphae.

Fungal Reproduction

  • Fungi reproduce both asexually and sexually.
  • Spores are the reproductive cells that allow fungi to move to new food sources and endure tough environmental conditions.
  • Spores can form directly on the hyphae, inside reproductive structures. or within fruiting bodies

Mycorrhizae

  • Mycorrhizae is a mutualistic relationship between a fungus and plant roots.
  • Fungus benefits by receiving sugars from the plant.
  • Plant benefits by receiving increased nutrient and water uptake.
  • Mycorrhizae come in different forms. (like Zygomycota).

Lichens

  • Lichens are a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and an alga or cyanobacterium.
  • The fungus provides structure, and the alga or cyanobacterium provides food for the fungus.
  • Lichens come in three types: crustose, foliose, fruticose.

General Fungal Characteristics

  • Fungi are often hidden. They grow through their food source (substratum), secrete enzymes and absorb nutrients.
  • Fungi exhibit indeterminate clonal growth.
  • Fungi have a cell wall of cellulose and/or chitin
  • Food storage is in the form of lipids and glycogen.
  • All fungi require water and oxygen, but not all are obligate aerobes.
  • Fungi can exist in many different habitats.

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Fungi Characteristics PDF

Description

Explore the fascinating world of fungi through this quiz on their characteristics and structures. Learn about their heterotrophic nature, types of nutrition, and the unique relationships they form with other organisms. Test your knowledge on mycelium, hyphae, and the significance of fungi in ecosystems.

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